Stem اَخٌ - Quranic Morphology

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

And you shall have half of that which your wives leave, if they have no child; but if they have a child, then you shall have a fourth of that which they leave, after the payment of any bequests they may have bequeathed or of debt. And they shall have a fourth of that which you leave, if you have no child; but if you have a child, then they shall have an eighth of that which you leave, after the payment of any bequests you may have bequeathed or of debt. And if there be a man or a woman whose heritage is to be divided and he or she has neither parent nor child, and he or she has a brother or a sister, then each one of them shall have a sixth. But if they be more than that, then they shall be equal sharers in one-third, after the payment of any bequests which may have been bequeathed or of debt, without prejudice to the debt. This is an injunction from Allah, and Allah is All-Knowing, Forbearing.

اردو ترجمہ مرزا طاہر احمد خلیفة المسیح الرابعؒ

اور تمہارے لئے اُس میں سے نصف ہوگا جو تمہاری بیویوں نے ترکہ چھوڑا اگر ان کی کوئی اولاد نہ ہو۔ پس اگر ان کی کوئی اولاد ہو تو تمہارے لئے چوتھا حصہ ہوگا اس میں سے جو اُنہوں نے چھوڑا، وصیت کی ادائیگی کے بعد جو انہوں نے کی ہو یا قرض چکانے کے بعد۔ اور ان کے لئے چوتھا حصہ ہوگا اس میں سے جو تم نے چھوڑا اگر تمہاری کوئی اولاد نہ ہو۔ اور اگر تمہاری کوئی اولاد ہو تو اُن (بیویوں) کا آٹھواں حصہ ہو گا اس میں سے جو تم نے چھوڑا، وصیت کی ادائیگی کے بعد جو تم نے کی ہو یا قرض چکانے کے بعد۔ اور اگر کسی ایسے مرد یا عورت کا ورثہ تقسیم کیا جا رہا ہو جو کلالہ ہو (یعنی نہ اس کے ماں باپ ہوں نہ اولاد) لیکن اس کا بھائی یا بہن ہو تو ان دونوں میں سے ہر ایک کے لئے چھٹا حصہ ہوگا۔ اور اگر وہ (یعنی بہن بھائی) اِس سے زیادہ ہوں تو پھر وہ سب تیسرے حصے میں شریک ہوں گے وصیت کی ادائیگی کے بعد جو کی گئی ہو یا قرض چکانے کے بعد۔ بغیر اس کے کہ کوئی تکلیف میں مبتلا کیا جائے۔ وصیت ہے اللہ کی طرف سے۔ اور اللہ دائمی علم رکھنے والا (اور) بڑا بُردبار ہے۔

French

Et vous aurez la moitié de ce que laisseront vos épouses si elles meurent sans enfant ; mais si elles ont un enfant, alors vous aurez droit à un quart de ce qu’elles laisseront après paiement de tout legs qu’elles auraient pu faire ou de dettes. Et elles auront droit à un quart de ce que vous laisserez si vous n’avez pas d’enfant ; mais si vous avez un enfant, alors elles auront droit à un huitième de ce que vous laisserez, après paiement de tout legs que vous aurez pu faire ou de dettes. Et s’il y a un homme ou une femme dont la succession doit être partagée, et que lui ou elle n’ait ni parent ni enfant, et que lui ou elle ait un frère ou une sœur, alors chacun d’eux aura droit à un sixième. Mais s’il y a plus de deux, alors ils se partageront un tiers à part égale, après paiement de tout legs qui aura pu être fait ou de dettes, sans aucune intention de nuire à quiconque. Ceci est une injonction d’Allāh, et Allāh est Omniscient et Indulgent.

German

Und ihr habt die Hälfte von dem, was eure Frauen hinterlassen, falls sie kein Kind haben; haben sie aber ein Kind, dann habt ihr ein Viertel von ihrer Erbschaft, nach allen etwa von ihnen gemachten Vermächtnissen oder Schulden. Und sie haben ein Viertel von eurer Erbschaft, falls ihr kein Kind habt; habt ihr aber ein Kind, dann hat sie ein Achtel von eurer Erbschaft, nach allen etwa von euch gemachten Vermächtnissen oder Schulden. Und wenn es sich um eine Person handelt – männlich oder weiblich –, deren Erbschaft geteilt werden soll, und sie hat weder Eltern noch Kinder, hat aber einen Bruder oder eine Schwester, dann haben diese je ein Sechstel. Sind aber mehr (Geschwister) vorhanden, dann sollen sie sich in ein Drittel teilen zu (gleichen) Teilen, nach allen etwa gemachten Vermächtnissen oder Schulden, ohne Beeinträchtigung – eine Vorschrift von Allah, und Allah ist allwissend, milde.

Chinese

如果你们的妻子没有子女, 你们应得她们遗产的二分之一; 如果她们有子女, 你们应得其财产的四分之一。在分配财产前, 须先交付死者所嘱咐的赠礼和清偿死者所欠的债务。如果你们没有子女, 你们的妻子得你们遗产的四分之一; 如果有子女, 她们得其八分之一。在分配财产前, 先得交付死者所嘱咐的赠礼和清偿所欠的债务。[a]假若被继承的男子或女子没有父母子女,[315]但有一个兄弟或一个姐妹, 那么, 他或她各得其遗产的六分之一; 假如被继承者有更多的兄弟姐妹, 那么, 他们和她们均分遗产的三分之一。在分配遗产前, 先得交付死者嘱咐的赠礼或归还所欠的债务。(在这个分配中) 不要立意损害任何人。[316]这是安拉发出的禁令。安拉是全知的, 容忍的。

Italian

E a voi spetta la metà di ciò che hanno lasciato le vostre mogli, se non hanno figli; ma se hanno figli, allora riceverete un quarto di ciò che esse hanno lasciato, dopo il pagamento di ogni altro lascito o debito. Ed esse riceveranno un quarto di quanto voi lasciate, se non avete figli; ma se avete figlio, allora esse riceveranno un ottavo di quanto voi lasciate, dopo il pagamento di ogni altro lascito o debito. E qualora debba suddividersi l'eredità di un uomo o di una donna, il quale non abbia genitori o figli, ed egli o ella abbiano un fratello o una sorella, allora ciascuno di questi riceverà un sesto. Ma se vi sono più fratelli o sorelle, allora essi riceveranno un terzo suddiviso in parti eguali, dopo il pagamento di ogni altro lascito o debito, senza intenzione di causare sofferenze ad alcuno. Questa è un'ingiunzione di Allah, e Allah è l'Onnisciente, l'Indulgente.

Spanish

Y vosotros recibiréis la mitad de lo que dejen vuestras esposas, si no tienen hijos; pero si tienen un hijo, recibiréis la cuarta parte de lo que dejen, después de pagado cualquier legado que hubieran dispuesto o las deudas. Si no tenéis hijos, ellas recibirán la cuarta parte de lo que dejéis, pero si los tenéis, recibirán la octava parte de lo que dejéis, después de pagado cualquier legado que hubierais dispuesto o las deudas. Y si hubiera un hombre o una mujer cuya herencia ha de ser dividida y no tiene padre ni hijos, pero tiene un hermano o una hermana, cada uno de ellos recibirá una sexta parte. Pero si fuesen más de dos, recibirán a partes iguales un tercio, después de pagado cualquier legado que hubieran dispuesto o las deudas, sin intentar causar sufrimiento a nadie. Esto es un mandato de Al-lah, pues Al-lah es Omnisciente, Tolerante.

اردو تفسیرِ صغیر

اور تمہاری بیویاں جو کچھ چھوڑ جائیں اگر ان کے اولاد نہ ہو تو ان (کے ترکہ) کا آدھا (حصہ) تمہارا ہے اور اگر ان کی اولاد (موجود) ہو تو جو کچھ انہوں نے چھوڑا ہو اس کا چوتھا (حصہ) تمہارا ہے (یہ حصے) وصیت اور (ان کے) قرض (کی ادائیگی) کے بعد (بچے ہوئے مال میں سے ہوں گے) اور اگر تمہارے ہاں اولاد نہ ہو تو جو کچھ تم چھوڑ جاؤ اس میں سے چوتھا (حصہ) ان (بیویوں) کا ہے۔ اور اگر تمہارے ہاں اولاد ہو تو جو کچھ تم چھوڑ جاؤ اس میں سے آٹھواں (حصہ) ان کا ہے (یہ حصے) وصیت اور (تمہارے) قرض (کی ادائیگی) کے بعد (ہوں گے) اور جس مرد یا عورت کا ورثہ تقسیم کیا جاتا ہے اگر اس کا نہ باپ ہو[1] نہ اولاد اور اس کا کوئی بھائی یا بہن ہو تو ان میں سے ہر ایک کا چھٹا (حصہ) ہوگا اور اگر وہ اس سے زیادہ ہوں تو وہ (سب) تیسرے (حصے) میں شریک ہوں گے (یہ حصے) وصیت اور (مرنے والے کے) قرض (کی ادائیگی) کے بعد (بچے ہوئے مال کے لحاظ سے ہوں گے) (اس تقسیم میں) کسی کو ضرر پہنچانا مقصود نہیںہونا چاہیے (اور یہ) اللہ کی طرف سے (تمہیں) حکم (دیا جاتا) ہے اور اللہ خوب جاننے والا (اور) بردبار ہے۔

English - Short Commentary Translation

And you shall have half of that which your wives leave, if they have no child; but if they have a child, then you shall have a fourth of that which they leave, after the payment of any bequests they may have bequeathed or of debt. And they shall have a fourth of that which you leave, if you have no child; but if you have a child, then they shall have an eighth of that which you leave, after the payment of any bequests you may have bequeathed or of debt. [a]And if there be a man or a woman whose heritage is to be divided and he or she has neither parent nor child,[575] and he or she has a brother and a sister, then each one of them shall have a sixth. But if they be more than that, then they shall be equal sharers in one-third, after the payment of any bequests which may have been bequeathed or of debt. And all this shall be without intent to cause injury to any one.[575A] This is an injunction from Allah and Allah is Wise, Forbearing.

English - Five Volume Translation

And you shall have half of that which your wives leave, if they have no child; but if they have a child, then you shall have a fourth of that which they leave, after the payment of any bequests they may have bequeathed or of debt. And they shall have a fourth of that which you leave, if you have no child; but if you have a child, then they shall have an eighth of that which you leave, after the payment of any bequests you may have bequeathed or of debt. [a]And if there be a man or a woman whose heritage is to be divided and he or she has neither parent nor child, and he or she has a brother or a sister, then each one of them shall have a sixth. But if they be more than that, then they shall be equal sharers in one-third, after the payment of any bequests which may have been bequeathed or of debt, without prejudice to the debt. This is an injunction from Allah, and Allah is All-Knowing, Forbearing.[495]

4:177.

Important Words:

کلالة (one who has neither parent nor child) is derived from کل i.e. he was or became fatigued, tired or wearied and could proceed no further; he was or became one having no child and no parent, the latter meaning being based on the former, as a person having no child or parent becomes, as it were, too fatigued for the racial march. کلالة is (1) a person who leaves behind neither father nor child, male or female; or (2) a person who leaves behind neither father nor son. According to Ibn ‘Abbas, کلالة is a person who leaves no son irrespective of the fact whether his father is living or not. This would thus be the third meaning of کلالة (Lane, Aqrab & Mufradat).

Commentary:

The first part of this verse determines the share of the husband and the wife in inheritance and needs no comment. The latter part deals with the case of a Kalalah, i.e. one who leaves neither parent nor child and whose property is inherited by his or her brother and sister. Now, if there is only one brother and one sister, each of them will get one-sixth. But if they are more than that, they will be sharers in one-third.

It should, however, be noted that in this respect brothers and sisters fall under three heads; firstly, real brothers or sisters, offspring of the same parents (such brothers or sisters are technically known as اعیانی a‘yani); secondly, brothers and sisters on the side of the father only (these are technically known as علاتی ‘allati); thirdly, brothers and sisters on the side of the mother only, their father being not the same as that of the deceased (such brothers and sisters being technically called اخیافی akhyafi). It is to the last-mentioned class that the commandment given in the present verse pertains; the law with regard to the first two classes of brothers and sisters being given in the last verse of this Surah.

The reader will further note that the shares allotted to the brothers and sisters of the last-mentioned class are smaller than those allotted to the brothers and sisters of the first two classes, the reason being that the brothers and sisters of this class are on the side of the mother only, while the brothers and the sisters of the other two classes are the children of the same father as the deceased.

It is also noteworthy that in the property of a person who dies as a Kalalah, as mentioned in the present verse, both brothers and sisters have equal shares, the usual ratio of two to one not being observed in their case.

The words, "without prejudice to the debt", are important. They mean that the payment of debts should not suffer by the payment of bequests. In other words, debts are to be paid prior to the payment of bequests. It was in compliance with this Quranic injunction that the Holy Prophet used to have the debts paid before the payment of bequests. The rights of other people must be safeguarded before any bequest made by the deceased is complied with. So strict was the Holy Prophet in these matters that he refused to perform the funeral service of the man whose debts were likely to remain unpaid.

It may incidentally be noted here that heirs are divided into two main groups:

1. ذووالفرائض (Dhawul-Fara’id), i.e. persons to whom Islam allots a fixed and definite share (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 2/3, 1/3 or 1/6), or in the estate of a deceased person.

2. عصبات (‘Asabat), i.e. the heirs who receive the residue after the Dhawul-Fara’id have received their allotted shares.

It is, however, not necessary that a member of the first group should always remain a Dhul-Faridah. In certain cases, he may be both a Dhul-Faridah (sharer) and an ‘Asaba (residuary) and in other cases he may be simply an ‘Asaba.

The Dhawul-Fara’id (sharers) are 12 in number, four males and eight females. The males are: 1. father, 2. paternal grandfather, 3. husband and 4. half-brother on the maternal side. The females are: (1) daughter, (2) son’s daughter, (3) mother, (4) wife, (5) full sister, (6) half-sister on paternal side, (7) half-sister on maternal side, and (8) grandmother whether paternal or maternal.

The ‘Asabat (residuaries) are of four kinds: (1) ascendants of the deceased, i.e. father, paternal grandfather, etc. (2) descendants of the deceased, i.e. son, son’s son, etc. (3) descendants of the father of the deceased, i.e. full brother, brother’s son, etc. (4) descendants of the grandfather, i.e. full paternal uncle, paternal uncle’s son, etc.

اردو ترجمہ مودودی

اور تمہاری بیویوں نے جو کچھ چھوڑا ہو اس کا آدھا حصہ تمہیں ملے گا اگر وہ بے اولاد ہوں، ورنہ اولاد ہونے کی صورت میں ترکہ کا ایک چوتھائی حصہ تمہارا ہے جبکہ وصیت جو انہوں ں نے کی ہو پوری کر دی جائے، اور قرض جو اُنہوں نے چھوڑا ہو ادا کر دیا جائے اور وہ تمہارے ترکہ میں سے چوتھائی کی حق دار ہوں گی اگر تم بے اولاد ہو، ورنہ صاحب اولاد ہونے کی صورت میں اُن کا حصہ آٹھواں ہوگا، بعد اس کے کہ جو وصیت تم نے کی ہو وہ پوری کر دی جائے اور جو قرض تم نے چھوڑا ہو وہ ادا کر دیا جائے اور اگر وہ مرد یا عورت (جس کی میراث تقسیم طلب ہے) بے اولاد بھی ہو اور اس کے ماں باپ بھی زندہ نہ ہوں، مگر اس کا ایک بھائی یا ایک بہن موجود ہو تو بھائی اور بہن ہر ایک کو چھٹا حصہ ملے گا، اور بھائی بہن ایک سے زیادہ ہوں تو کل ترکہ کے ایک تہائی میں وہ سب شریک ہوں گے، جبکہ وصیت جو کی گئی ہو پوری کر دی جائے، اور قرض جو میت نے چھوڑا ہو ادا کر دیا جائے، بشر طیکہ وہ ضرر رساں نہ ہو یہ حکم ہے اللہ کی طرف سے اور اللہ دانا و بینا اور نرم خو ہے

English - Sahih

And for you is half of what your wives leave if they have no child. But if they have a child, for you is one fourth of what they leave, after any bequest they [may have] made or debt. And for the wives is one fourth if you leave no child. But if you leave a child, then for them is an eighth of what you leave, after any bequest you [may have] made or debt. And if a man or woman leaves neither ascendants nor descendants but has a brother or a sister, then for each one of them is a sixth. But if they are more than two, they share a third, after any bequest which was made or debt, as long as there is no detriment [caused]. [This is] an ordinance from Allah, and Allah is Knowing and Forbearing.

اردو ترجمہ احمد علی

جو مال تمہارحی عورتیں چھوڑ مریں اس میں تمہارا آدھا حصہ ہے بشرطیکہ ان کی اولاد نہ ہو او راگر ان کی اولاد ہو تو اس میں سےجو چھوڑ جائیں ایک چوتھائي تمہاری ہے اس وصیت کے بعد جو وہ کر جائیں یا قرض کے بعد اور عورتوں کے لیے چوتھائی مال ہے جو تم چھوڑ کر مرو بشرطیکہ تمہاری اولاد نہ ہوپس اگر تمہاری اولاد ہو تو جو تم نے چھوڑا اس میں ان کا آٹھواں حصہ ہے اس وصیت کے بعد جو تم کر جاؤ یا قرض کے بعد اوراگر وہ مرد یا عورت جس کی یہ میراث ہے باپ بیٹا کچھ نہیں رکھتا اور اس میت کا ایک بھائي یا بہن ہے تو دونوں میں سے ہر ایک کا چھٹا حصہ ہے پس اگر اس سے زیادہ ہوں تو ایک تہائی میں سب شریک ہیں وصیت کی بات جوہو چکی ہو یا قرض کے بعد بشرطیکہ اورروں کا نقصان نہ ہو یہ الله کا حکم ہے اور الله جاننے والا تحمل کرنے والا ہے

English - Talal Itani

And for you (is) half (of) what (is) left by your wives if not is for them a child. But if is for them a child, then for you (is) the fourth of what they left, from after any will they have made [for which] or any debt. And for them (is) the fourth of what you left, if not is for you a child. But if is for you a child, then for them (is) the eighth of what you left from after any will you have made [for which] or any debt. And if [is] a man (whose wealth) is to be inherited (has) no parent or child or a women and for him (is) a brother or a sister, then for each one of (the) two (is) the sixth. But if they are more than that, then they (are) partners in the third, from after any will was made [for which] or any debt without (being) harmful. An ordinance from Allah. And Allah (is) All-Knowing, All-Forbearing.

Chinese Commentary ^*

Cross Refs:

a

4:177.

315

كَلَالَةْ (Kalalah) 是 (1) 一个身后没有父母, 也没有子女的人; (2) 一个既没有父亲, 也没有儿子的人。根据伊本•阿巴斯的解释, 他是一个没有儿子的人, 不管他的父亲是否活着。因此这里是该词的第三个词义 (Lane & مُفْرَدَات, Mufradat) Kalalah 的兄弟姐妹归三类: 第一类, 真正的兄弟姐妹--------同父母的子女 (这类兄弟姐妹从法律方面说称之为 اَعْيَانِی --------A‘yani); 第二类, 单属父亲一方的兄弟姐妹, 这类兄弟姐妹 (法律上称之为 عَلَّاتِی --------‘Allati); 第三类, 单属母亲一方的兄弟姐妹, 他 (她) 们的父亲与死者的父亲不是同一父亲 (这类兄弟姐妹法律上称之为 اَخْيَافِی --------Akhyafi)。在本节经文中所列举的指令正是属于上述最后一类;关于前两类兄弟姐妹的法律将在本章的最后一节经文中提到。分配给上述最后一类兄弟姐妹的份额比分配给前二类兄弟姐妹的份额要少, 理由是这一类兄弟姐妹单属母亲一方, 而另两类兄弟姐妹则属于与死者同一父亲的子女。在作为 كَلَالَةْ (Kalalah) 死去的人的财产中, 兄弟姐妹享有相等的分配份额, 在此情况下, 通常不按二比一之比例。

316

“不要立意损害任何人” 这句话很重要。意思是偿还债务不应由于分配遗产而受到损害。换句话说, 在分配遗产之前要先偿还债务。

اردہ تفصیرِ صغیر نوٹس ^*

1

کلالہ کے جن بہن بھائیوں کے وارث ہونے کی صورت بیان کی گئی ہے‘ وہ بہن بھائی ہیں جو ماں کی طرف سے ہوں۔

English - Arberry

And for you a half of what your wives leave, if they have no children; but if they have children, then for you of what they leave a fourth, after any bequest they may bequeath, or any debt. And for them a fourth of what you leave, if you have no children; but if you have children, then for them of what you leave an eighth, after any bequest you may bequeath, or any debt. If a man or a woman have no heir direct, but have a brother or a sister, to each of the two a sixth; but if they are more numerous than that, they share equally a third, after any bequest he may bequeath, or any debt not prejudicial; a charge from God. God is All-knowing, All-clement.

English - Maududi

And to you belongs half of whatever has been left behind by your wives if they die childless; but if they have any children then to you belongs a fourth of what they have left behind, after payment of the bequest they might have made or any debts outstanding against them. And to them belongs a fourth of what you leave behind, if you die childless; and if you have any child then to them belongs one-eighth of what you have left behind, after the payment of the bequest you might have made or any debts outstanding against you. And if the man or woman has no heir in the direct line, but has a brother or sister, then each of these shall inherit one-sixth; but if they are more than two, then they shall inherit one-third of the inheritance, after the payment of the bequest that might have been made or any debts outstanding against the deceased, providing that the bequest causes no injury. This is a commandment from Allah; Allah is All-Knowing, All-Forbearing.

English - Ahmed Ali

Your share in the property the wives leave behind is half if they die without an issue, but in case they have left children, then your share is one-fourth after the payment of legacies and debts; and your wife shall inherit one-fourth of what you leave at death if you die childless, if not, she will get one-eighth of what you leave behind after payment of legacies and debts. If a man or a woman should die without leaving either children or parents behind but have brother and sister, they shall each inherit one-sixth. In case there are more, they will share one-third of the estate after payment of legacies and debts without prejudice to others. This is the decree of God who knows all and is kind.

English - Yusuf Ali

In what your wives leave, your share is a half, if they leave no child; but if they leave a child, ye get a fourth; after payment of legacies and debts. In what ye leave, their share is a fourth, if ye leave no child; but if ye leave a child, they get an eighth; after payment of legacies and debts. If the man or woman whose inheritance is in question, has left neither ascendants nor descendants, but has left a brother or a sister, each one of the two gets a sixth; but if more than two, they share in a third; after payment of legacies and debts; so that no loss is caused (to any one). Thus is it ordained by Allah; and Allah is All-knowing, Most Forbearing.

English - Five Volume Commentary ^*

Cross Refs:

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4:177.

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