Stem أُخْتِ - Quranic Morphology

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

Forbidden to you are your mothers, and your daughters, and your sisters, and your fathers’ sisters, and your mothers’ sisters, and brother’s daughters, and sister’s daughters, and your foster-mothers that have given you suck, and your foster-sisters, and the mothers of your wives, and your stepdaughters, who are your wards by your wives unto whom you have gone in — but if you have not gone in unto them, there shall be no sin upon you — and the wives of your sons that are from your loins; and it is forbidden to you to have two sisters together in marriage, except what has already passed; surely, Allah is Most Forgiving, Merciful.

اردو ترجمہ مرزا طاہر احمد خلیفة المسیح الرابعؒ

تم پر تمہاری مائیں حرام کر دی گئی ہیں اور تمہاری بیٹیاں اور تمہاری بہنیں اور تمہاری پھوپھیاں اور تمہاری خالائیں اور بھائی کی بیٹیاں اور بہن کی بیٹیاں اور تمہاری وہ مائیں جنہوں نے تمہیں دودھ پلایا ہے اور تمہاری رضاعی بہنیں اور تمہاری بیویوں کی مائیں اور جن بیویوں سے تم ازدواجی تعلقات قائم کر چکے ہو ان کی وہ پِچھلگ بیٹیاں بھی تم پر حرام ہیں جو تمہارے گھر میں پلی ہوں۔ ہاں اگر تم ان (یعنی بیویوں) سے ازدواجی تعلقات قائم نہ کر چکے ہو تو پھر تم پر کوئی گناہ نہیں۔ نیز تمہارے ان بیٹوں کی بیویاں بھی جو تمہاری پشت سے ہوں۔ نیز یہ بھی (تم پر حرام ہے) کہ تم دو بہنوں کو (اپنے نکاح میں) اکٹھا کرو سوائے اس کے جو پہلے گزر چکا۔ یقیناً اللہ بہت بخشنے والا (اور) بار بار رحم کرنے والا ہے۔

French

Vous sont interdites vos mères, vos filles, vos sœurs, les sœurs de vos pères, les sœurs de vos mères, les filles de votre frère, les filles de votre sœur, vos mères nourricières qui vous ont allaités, vos sœurs de lait, les mères de vos femmes, vos belles-filles, qui sont vos pupilles, par les femmes avec lesquelles vous avez consommé le mariage – mais si le mariage n’a pas été consommé, ce ne sera pas un péché pour vous – et les femmes de vos fils qui sont sortis de vos reins ; etil vous est défendu d’avoir deux sœurs en même temps en état de mariage, sauf si cela a déjà eu lieu ; assurément, Allāh est Très-Pardonnant, Miséricordieux.

German

Verboten sind euch eure Mütter und eure Töchter und eure Schwestern, eures Vaters Schwestern und eurer Mutter Schwestern, die Bruderstöchter und die Schwestertöchter, eure Nährmütter, die euch gesäugt, und eure Milchschwestern, und die Mütter eurer Frauen und eure Stieftöchter – die in eurem Schutze sind – von euren Frauen, denen ihr schon beigewohnt; doch wenn ihr ihnen noch nicht beigewohnt habt, dann soll´s euch keine Sünde sein. Ferner die Frauen eurer Söhne, die von euren Lenden sind; auch dass ihr zwei Schwestern gleichzeitig habt, außer das sei bereits geschehen; wahrlich, Allah ist allverzeihend, barmherzig.

Chinese

安拉禁止你们娶你们母亲、女儿、姐妹、姑母、姨母、侄女、外甥女、乳母、同乳姐妹、岳母、同过房的妻子带来而抚育在你们家中的继女, 如果你们还没与她们的母亲同房, 那么, 不妨娶她们。安拉还禁止你们娶你们亲生儿子的妻子, 以及同时娶两姐妹, 但既已过去的, 就不再追究。安拉确是宽恕的, 永久仁慈的。

Italian

Vi sono proibite le vostre madri e le vostre figlie, e le vostre sorelle, e le sorelle di vostro padre, e le sorelle di vostra madre, e le figlie del fratello, e le figlie della sorella, e le balie che vi hanno allattato, e le sorellastre, e le madri delle vostre mogli, e le figliastre, di cui siete tutori, figlie delle mogli alle quali vi siete congiunti - ma se non avete avuto rapporti con loro non vi sarà ascritto a peccato - e le mogli dei figli generati dai vostri lombi; e vi sono proibite come mogli due sorelle ad un tempo, a meno che ciò non sia già avvenuto; sicuramente, Allah è il Clemente, il Misericordioso.

Spanish

Os están prohibidas vuestras madres, vuestras hijas, vuestras hermanas, las hermanas de vuestros padres y las de vuestras madres, las hijas de un hermano y las de una hermana, vuestras nodrizas que os hayan amamantado, vuestras hermanas de leche y las madres de vuestras esposas, vuestras ahijadas, que son vuestras pupilas por ser hijas de las mujeres con las que hayáis cohabitado –pero si no habéis cohabitado con ellas, no cometéis pecado- y las esposas de vuestros hijos carnales; y os está prohibido contraer matrimonio a la vez con dos hermanas, salvo que se trate de un hecho consumado; en verdad, Al-lah es el Sumo Indulgente, Misericordioso.

اردو تفسیرِ صغیر

تمہاری مائیں اور تمہاری بیٹیاں اور تمہاری بہنیں اور تمہاری پھوپھیاں اور تمہاری خالائیں اور (تمہاری) بھتیجیاں اور (تمہاری) بھانجیاں اور تمہاری (رضاعی) مائیں جنہوں نے تمہیں دودھ پلایا ہو اور تمہاری رضاعی بہنیں اور تمہاری ساسیں اور تمہاری وہ سوتیلی لڑکیاں جو تمہاری ان بیویوں سے ہوں جن سے تم خلوت کر چکے ہو اور وہ تمہارے گھروں میں پلتی ہوں تم پر حرام کی گئی ہیں۔ لیکن اگر تم نے ان (بیویوں) سے خلوت نہ کی ہو تو (ان کی لڑکیوں سے نکاح کرنے میں) تم پر کوئی گناہ نہیں‘ اور (اسی طرح) تمہارے ان بیٹوں کی بیویاں جو تمہاری پشت سے ہوں (تم پر حرام ہیں) اور یہ (بھی) کہ تم دو بہنوں کو (اپنے نکاح میں) جمع کرو۔ ہاں جو گذر گیا (سو گذر گیا) اللہ یقیناً بہت بخشنے والا (اور) باربار رحم کرنے والا ہے۔

English - Short Commentary Translation

Forbidden to you are your mothers,[586] and your daughters, and your sisters, and your fathers’ sisters, and your mothers’ sisters, and brother’s daughters, and sister’s daughters, and your foster-mothers that have given you suck,[587] and your foster-sisters, and the mothers of your wives, and your step-daughters, who are your wards being born of your wives to whom you have gone in—but if you have not gone in unto them, there is no blame on you—and the wives of your sons that are from your loins; and it is forbidden to you to have two sisters together in marriage, except what has already passed; surely, Allah is Most Forgiving, Ever Merciful.

English - Five Volume Translation

Forbidden to you are your mothers, and your daughters, and your sisters, and your fathers’ sisters, and your mothers’ sisters, and brother’s daughters, and sister’s daughters, and your foster mothers that have given you suck, and your foster-sisters, and the mothers of your wives, and your step-daughters, who are your wards by your wives unto whom you have gone in—but if you have not gone in unto them, there shall be no sin upon you—and the wives of your sons that are from your loins; and it is forbidden to you to have two sisters together in marriage, except what has already passed; surely, Allah is Most Forgiving, Merciful.[503]

Important Words:

ربائب (step-daughters) is derived from رب and is the plural of ربیبة meaning the daughter of a woman’s husband by another wife or the daughter of a man’s wife by another husband, because he or she rears her in spite of her being not a real daughter; or it means the wife of a man having child by another wife; also a woman who has the charge of a child, who rears or fosters it (Lane & Aqrab).

حجور (wards) is the plural of حجر which is derived from حجر meaning, he prevented or hindered it. حجر means, bosom or breast or the part beneath the armpit; custody, care or guardianship. They say, نشأ زید فی حجر عمرو i.e. Zaid grew up in the care and protection of ‘Amr. The expression التی فی حجور کم would, therefore, mean, those who are under your care or guardianship, i.e. your wards (Lane Aqrab & Mufradat).

حلائل (wives) is the plural of حلیلand حلیلة which are both derived from حل i.e. he alighted or took up his abode; or he or it became lawful; or he untied a knot, etc. حلیل means, husband and حلیلةwife. حلیل also means, a fellow-lodger or fellow-resident of another in one house (Aqrab). It also means a neighbour and a guest (Lane).

ارضعنکم (have given you suck) is derived from رضع. They say رضع امه i.e. he sucked the breast of his mother. ھذا اخی من الرضاعةmeans, he is my foster-brother, we both having sucked the breast of the same woman. ارضعته امه means, his mother suckled him; and استرضعت المرأة ولدی means, I sought or demanded of the woman that she should suckle my child (Lane).

Commentary:

The prohibition about marrying mothers, sisters and daughters may look superfluous; but there are certain people (e.g. certain sects among the Hindus) who regard such marriages as not only permissible, but even meritorious. The Quran, being a perfect code of Law, contains everything essential for man’s physical, moral and spiritual well-being. The Quranic laws are in perfect harmony with human nature; in fact, they only remind us of what is writ large on the book of human nature by God’s own hand. Human nature responds to what is taught by the Quran and the Qurancommands that which human nature demands, and it prohibits what human nature revolts against. The Holy Prophet is reported to have said that the relatives of foster mothers are as forbidden as those within prohibited degree of relationship of real mothers. It is not lawful to marry foster-sisters and foster-daughters and so on. There exists, however, a difference of opinion among Muslim theologians as to what amount of suckling makes the marriage of foster mothers and foster-sisters and their relations (within prohibited degree of marriage) unlawful. Some hold the view that the prohibition comes into operation in all cases even when a woman has given suck to a child only once. According to others who derive their authority from a saying of the Holy Prophet, reported by ‘A’ishah, viz. لا تحرم المصة ولا المصتان i.e. "A suck or two do not make marriage unlawful" (Tirmidhi, ch. on Rida’), the least number of sucks to render marriage unlawful is three. But there is yet another saying of the Holy Prophet, also reported by ‘A’ishah, that mentionsخمس رضعات معلومات (five distinctly known sucks) as necessary to make marriage unlawful (Muslim), and this appears to be the correct view. One suck amounts to the quantity taken by a child at one stretch, i.e. when for the time being it should leave off sucking of its own accord and before returning to it. The age of the child must be within two years at the time of sucking.

The qualifying clause, who are your wards, is only added to draw our attention to the fact that we should bring up our wards with the same care and tenderness that we bestow upon our own children; otherwise marriage with the daughters of women with whom conjugal relations have been established is unlawful, whether or not they are brought up as wards. The daughters of those women with whom such relations have not been established can be taken into marriage and this is the meaning of the words, but if you have not gone in unto them, there shall be no sin upon you.

The expression, of your sons that are from your loins, is added to exclude wife’s sons as well as adopted ones. Islam does not recognize the system of adoption. It wants us to look upon all Muslims as brothers; and as the adoption of certain individuals as sons conflicts with this principle of universal brotherhood, it has been prohibited by Islam. The system of adoption also leads to contention and litigation.

In conformity with the command contained in the words, it is forbidden to you to have two sisters together in marriage, the Holy Prophet is reported to have ordered one of the two sisters who were together the wives of one man to be divorced by him after this injunction was revealed (Tirmidhi, ch. on Nikah). The injunction is based on sentiments of deference to near relationship and is meant to exclude possibility of dissensions in the close family circle.

For similar reasons the Holy Prophet has forbidden to unite in marriage a maternal aunt and her sister’s daughter, or a paternal aunt and her brother’s daughter.

اردو ترجمہ مودودی

تم پر حرام کی گئیں تمہاری مائیں، بیٹیاں، بہنیں، پھوپھیاں، خالائیں، بھتیجیاں، بھانجیاں، اور تمہاری وہ مائیں جنہوں نے تم کو دودھ پلایا ہو، اور تمہاری دودھ شریک بہنیں، اور تمہاری بیویوں کی مائیں، اور تمہاری بیویوں کی لڑکیاں جنہوں نے تمہاری گودوں میں پرورش پائی ہے اُن بیویوں کی لڑکیاں جن سے تمہارا تعلق زن و شو ہو چکا ہو ورنہ اگر (صرف نکاح ہوا ہو اور) تعلق زن و شو نہ ہوا ہو تو (ا نہیں چھوڑ کر ان کی لڑکیوں سے نکاح کر لینے میں) تم پر کوئی مواخذہ نہیں ہے اور تمہارے اُن بیٹوں کی بیویاں جو تمہاری صلب سے ہوں اور یہ بھی تم پر حرام کیا گیا ہے کہ ایک نکاح میں دو بہنوں کو جمع کرو، مگر جو پہلے ہو گیا سو ہو گیا، اللہ بخشنے والا اور رحم کرنے والا ہے

English - Sahih

Prohibited to you [for marriage] are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your father's sisters, your mother's sisters, your brother's daughters, your sister's daughters, your [milk] mothers who nursed you, your sisters through nursing, your wives' mothers, and your step-daughters under your guardianship [born] of your wives unto whom you have gone in. But if you have not gone in unto them, there is no sin upon you. And [also prohibited are] the wives of your sons who are from your [own] loins, and that you take [in marriage] two sisters simultaneously, except for what has already occurred. Indeed, Allah is ever Forgiving and Merciful.

اردو ترجمہ احمد علی

تم پر تمہاری مائیں اور بیٹیاں اور بہنیں اور پھوپھیاں اور خالائیں اور بھتیجیاں اور بھانجیاں اور جن ماؤں نے تمہیں دودھ پلایا اور تمہاری دودھ شریک بہنیں اور تمہاری عورتوں کی مائیں اور ان کی بیٹیاں جنہوں نے تمہاری گود میں پرورش پائی ہے ان بیویو ں کی لڑکیاں جن سے تمہار تعلق زن و شو ہو چکاہے اور اگر تعلق زن و شو نہ ہوا ہو تو تم پر اس نکاح میں کچھ گناہ نہیں اور تمہارے بیٹو ں کی عورتیں جو تمہاری پشت سے ہیں یہ سب عورتیں تم پر حرام ہیں اور دو بہنوں کو (ایک نکاح میں) اکھٹا کرنا حرام ہے مگر جو پہلے ہو چکا بے شک الله بخشنے والا مہربان ہے

English - Talal Itani

Forbidden to you (are) your mothers and your daughters and your sisters and your father's sisters and your mother's sisters and daughters (of) brothers, and daughters (of) sisters and (the) mothers who nursed you and your sisters from the nursing and mothers (of) your wives and your step daughters who (are) in your guardianship of your women whom you had relations with them, but if not you had relations with them, then (there is) no sin on you. And wives (of) your sons, those who (are) from your loins and that you gather together [between] two sisters except what has passed before. Indeed, Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most-Merciful.

Chinese Commentary ^*

اردہ تفصیرِ صغیر نوٹس ^*

English - Arberry

Forbidden to you are your mothers and daughters, your sisters, your aunts paternal and maternal, your brother's daughters, your sister's daughters, your mothers who have given suck to you, your suckling sisters, your wives' mothers, your stepdaughters who are in your care being born of your wives you have been in to -- but if you have not yet been in to them it is no fault in you - and the spouses of your sons who are of your loins, and that you should take to you two sisters together, unless it be a thing of the past; God is All-forgiving, All-compassionate;

English - Maududi

Forbidden to you are your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your father's sisters and your mother's sisters, your brother's daughters and your sister's daughters, your milk-mothers, your milk-sisters, the mothers of your wives, and the stepdaughters - who are your foster-children, born of your wives with whom you have consummated the marriage; but if you have not consummated the marriage with them, there will be no blame upon you (if you marry their daughters). It is also forbidden for you to take the wives of the sons who have sprung from your loins and to take two sisters together in marriage, although what is past is past. Surely Allah is All-Forgiving, All-Compassionate.

English - Ahmed Ali

Unlawful are your mothers and daughters and your sisters to you, and the sisters of your fathers and your mothers, and the daughters of your brothers and sisters, and foster mothers, foster sisters, and the mothers of your wives, and the daughters of the wives you have slept with who are under your charge; but in case you have not slept with them there is no offence (if you marry their daughters); and the wives of your own begotten sons; and marrying two sisters is unlawful. What happened in the past (is now past): God is forgiving and kind.

English - Yusuf Ali

Prohibited to you (For marriage) are:- Your mothers, daughters, sisters; father's sisters, Mother's sisters; brother's daughters, sister's daughters; foster-mothers (Who gave you suck), foster-sisters; your wives' mothers; your step-daughters under your guardianship, born of your wives to whom ye have gone in,- no prohibition if ye have not gone in;- (Those who have been) wives of your sons proceeding from your loins; and two sisters in wedlock at one and the same time, except for what is past; for Allah is Oft-forgiving, Most Merciful;-

English - Five Volume Commentary ^*

503

Important Words:

ربائب (step-daughters) is derived from رب and is the plural of ربیبة meaning the daughter of a woman’s husband by another wife or the daughter of a man’s wife by another husband, because he or she rears her in spite of her being not a real daughter; or it means the wife of a man having child by another wife; also a woman who has the charge of a child, who rears or fosters it (Lane & Aqrab).

حجور (wards) is the plural of حجر which is derived from حجر meaning, he prevented or hindered it. حجر means, bosom or breast or the part beneath the armpit; custody, care or guardianship. They say, نشأ زید فی حجر عمرو i.e. Zaid grew up in the care and protection of ‘Amr. The expression التی فی حجور کم would, therefore, mean, those who are under your care or guardianship, i.e. your wards (Lane Aqrab & Mufradat).

حلائل (wives) is the plural of حلیلand حلیلة which are both derived from حل i.e. he alighted or took up his abode; or he or it became lawful; or he untied a knot, etc. حلیل means, husband and حلیلةwife. حلیل also means, a fellow-lodger or fellow-resident of another in one house (Aqrab). It also means a neighbour and a guest (Lane).

ارضعنکم (have given you suck) is derived from رضع. They say رضع امه i.e. he sucked the breast of his mother. ھذا اخی من الرضاعةmeans, he is my foster-brother, we both having sucked the breast of the same woman. ارضعته امه means, his mother suckled him; and استرضعت المرأة ولدی means, I sought or demanded of the woman that she should suckle my child (Lane).

Commentary:

The prohibition about marrying mothers, sisters and daughters may look superfluous; but there are certain people (e.g. certain sects among the Hindus) who regard such marriages as not only permissible, but even meritorious. The Quran, being a perfect code of Law, contains everything essential for man’s physical, moral and spiritual well-being. The Quranic laws are in perfect harmony with human nature; in fact, they only remind us of what is writ large on the book of human nature by God’s own hand. Human nature responds to what is taught by the Quran and the Qurancommands that which human nature demands, and it prohibits what human nature revolts against. The Holy Prophet is reported to have said that the relatives of foster mothers are as forbidden as those within prohibited degree of relationship of real mothers. It is not lawful to marry foster-sisters and foster-daughters and so on. There exists, however, a difference of opinion among Muslim theologians as to what amount of suckling makes the marriage of foster mothers and foster-sisters and their relations (within prohibited degree of marriage) unlawful. Some hold the view that the prohibition comes into operation in all cases even when a woman has given suck to a child only once. According to others who derive their authority from a saying of the Holy Prophet, reported by ‘A’ishah, viz. لا تحرم المصة ولا المصتان i.e. "A suck or two do not make marriage unlawful" (Tirmidhi, ch. on Rida’), the least number of sucks to render marriage unlawful is three. But there is yet another saying of the Holy Prophet, also reported by ‘A’ishah, that mentionsخمس رضعات معلومات (five distinctly known sucks) as necessary to make marriage unlawful (Muslim), and this appears to be the correct view. One suck amounts to the quantity taken by a child at one stretch, i.e. when for the time being it should leave off sucking of its own accord and before returning to it. The age of the child must be within two years at the time of sucking.

The qualifying clause, who are your wards, is only added to draw our attention to the fact that we should bring up our wards with the same care and tenderness that we bestow upon our own children; otherwise marriage with the daughters of women with whom conjugal relations have been established is unlawful, whether or not they are brought up as wards. The daughters of those women with whom such relations have not been established can be taken into marriage and this is the meaning of the words, but if you have not gone in unto them, there shall be no sin upon you.

The expression, of your sons that are from your loins, is added to exclude wife’s sons as well as adopted ones. Islam does not recognize the system of adoption. It wants us to look upon all Muslims as brothers; and as the adoption of certain individuals as sons conflicts with this principle of universal brotherhood, it has been prohibited by Islam. The system of adoption also leads to contention and litigation.

In conformity with the command contained in the words, it is forbidden to you to have two sisters together in marriage, the Holy Prophet is reported to have ordered one of the two sisters who were together the wives of one man to be divorced by him after this injunction was revealed (Tirmidhi, ch. on Nikah). The injunction is based on sentiments of deference to near relationship and is meant to exclude possibility of dissensions in the close family circle.

For similar reasons the Holy Prophet has forbidden to unite in marriage a maternal aunt and her sister’s daughter, or a paternal aunt and her brother’s daughter.

English - Short Commentary Notes ^*

586

The Holy Prophet is reported to have said that the relatives of foster- mothers are as forbidden as those within the prohibited degrees of relationship of real mothers. It is not lawful to marry foster-sisters and foster-daughters and so on.

587

Theologians differ as to what number of sucks makes the marriage of foster-mothers and foster-sisters and their relations (within prohibited degrees of marriage) unlawful.

English - Pickthall

Forbidden unto you are your mothers, and your daughters, and your sisters, and your father's sisters, and your mother's sisters, and your brother's daughters and your sister's daughters, and your foster-mothers, and your foster-sisters, and your mothers-in-law, and your step-daughters who are under your protection (born) of your women unto whom ye have gone in - but if ye have not gone in unto them, then it is no sin for you (to marry their daughters) - and the wives of your sons who (spring) from your own loins. And (it is forbidden unto you) that ye should have two sisters together, except what hath already happened (of that nature) in the past. Lo! Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful.

English - Muhammad Ali ^ra

Forbidden to you are your mothers, and your daughters, and your sisters, and your paternal aunts, and your maternal aunts, and brother’s daughters and sister’s daughters, and your mothers that have suckled you, and your foster-sisters, and mothers of your wives, and your stepdaughters who are in your guardianship (born) of your wives to whom you have gone in -- but if you have not gone in to them, there is no blame on you -- and the wives of your sons who are of your own loins; and that you should have two sisters together, except what has already passed. Surely Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful.

English - Sir Muhammad Zafrullah Khan ^ra

Forbidden to you are your mothers, and your daughters and your sisters, and your fathers’ sisters and your mothers’ sisters, and the daughters of your brothers and the daughters of your sisters, and your foster-mothers and your foster-sisters, and the mothers of your wives, and your stepdaughters who are your wards by your wives with whom you have consorted, but if you have consorted not with them, it will be no sin upon you, and the wives of your sons from your loins. It is also forbidden to you to have two sisters together in marriage, but what has passed has passed. Surely Allah is Most Forgiving, Ever Merciful.

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