Aye, they would certainly realize if they could see the time when those who were followed shall disown their followers and shall see the punishment, and all their ties shall be cut asunder.

2:283

یٰۤاَیُّہَا الَّذِیۡنَ اٰمَنُوۡۤا اِذَا تَدَایَنۡتُمۡ بِدَیۡنٍ اِلٰۤی اَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّی فَاکۡتُبُوۡہُ ۚ وَلۡیَکۡتُبۡ بَّیۡنَکُمۡ کَاتِبٌۢ بِالۡعَدۡلِ ۚ وَلَا یَاۡبَ کَاتِبٌ اَنۡ یَّکۡتُبَ کَمَا عَلَّمَہُ اللّٰہُ ۚ فَلۡیَکۡتُبۡ وَلۡیُمۡلِلِ الَّذِیۡ عَلَیۡہِ الۡحَقُّ وَلۡیَتَّقِ اللّٰہَ رَبَّہٗ وَلَا یَبۡخَسۡ مِنۡہُ شَیۡـًٔا ۚ فَاِنۡ کَانَ الَّذِیۡ عَلَیۡہِ الۡحَقُّ سَفِیۡہًا اَوۡ ضَعِیۡفًا اَوۡ لَا یَسۡتَطِیۡعُ اَنۡ یُّمِلَّ ہُوَ فَلۡیُمۡلِلۡ وَلِیُّہٗ بِالۡعَدۡلِ ۚ وَاسۡتَشۡہِدُوۡا شَہِیۡدَیۡنِ مِنۡ رِّجَالِکُمۡ ۖ فَاِنۡ لَّمۡ یَکُوۡنَا رَجُلَیۡنِ فَرَجُلٌ وَّامۡرَاَتَانِ مِمَّنۡ تَرۡضَوۡنَ مِنَ الشُّہَدَآءِ اَنۡ تَضِلَّ اِحۡدٰٮہُمَا فَتُذَکِّرَ اِحۡدٰٮہُمَا الۡاُخۡرٰی ۚ وَلَا یَاۡبَ الشُّہَدَآءُ اِذَا مَا دُعُوۡا ۚ وَلَا تَسۡـَٔمُوۡۤا اَنۡ تَکۡتُبُوۡہُ صَغِیۡرًا اَوۡ کَبِیۡرًا اِلٰۤی اَجَلِہٖ ۚ ذٰلِکُمۡ اَقۡسَطُ عِنۡدَ اللّٰہِ وَاَقۡوَمُ لِلشَّہٰدَۃِ وَاَدۡنٰۤی اَلَّا تَرۡتَابُوۡۤا ۖ اِلَّاۤ اَنۡ تَکُوۡنَ تِجٰرَۃً حَاضِرَۃً تُدِیۡرُوۡنَہَا بَیۡنَکُمۡ فَلَیۡسَ عَلَیۡکُمۡ جُنَاحٌ اَلَّا تَکۡتُبُوۡہَا ۗ وَاَشۡہِدُوۡۤا اِذَا تَبَایَعۡتُمۡ ۚ وَلَا یُضَآرَّ کَاتِبٌ وَّلَا شَہِیۡدٌ ۚ وَاِنۡ تَفۡعَلُوۡا فَاِنَّہٗ فُسُوۡقٌۢ بِکُمۡ ۗ وَاتَّقُوا اللّٰہَ ۖ وَیُعَلِّمُکُمُ اللّٰہُ ۗ وَاللّٰہُ بِکُلِّ شَیۡءٍ عَلِیۡمٌ

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

O ye who believe! when you borrow one from another for a fixed period, then write it down. And let a scribe write it in your presence faithfully; and no scribe should refuse to write, because Allah has taught him, so let him write and let him who incurs the liability dictate; and he should fear Allah, his Lord, and not diminish anything therefrom. But if the person incurring the liability be of low understanding or be weak or be unable himself to dictate, then let someone who can watch his interest dictate with justice. And call two witnesses from among your men; and if two men be not available, then a man and two women, of such as you like as witnesses, so that if either of two women should err in memory, then one may remind the other. And the witnesses should not refuse when they are called. And do not feel weary of writing it down, whether it be small or large, along with its appointed time of payment. This is more equitable in the sight of Allah and makes testimony surer and is more likely to keep you away from doubts; therefore omit not to write except that it be ready merchandise which you give or take from hand to hand, in which case it shall be no sin for you that you write it not. And have witnesses when you sell one to another; and let no harm be done to the scribe or the witness. And if you do that, then certainly it shall be disobedience on your part. And fear Allah. And Allah grants you knowledge and Allah knows all things well.

اردو ترجمہ مرزا طاہر احمد خلیفة المسیح الرابعؒ

اے وہ لوگو جو ایمان لائے ہو! جب تم ایک معیّن مدت تک کے لئے قرض کا لین دین کرو تو اسے لکھ لیا کرو اور چاہئے کہ تمہارے درمیان لکھنے والا انصاف سے لکھے ۔ اور کوئی کاتب اِس سے انکار نہ کرے کہ وہ لکھے۔ پس وہ لکھے جیسا اللہ نے اُسے سکھایا ہے۔ اور وہ لکھوائے جس کے ذمّہ (دوسرے کا) حق ہے، اور اللّٰہ‘ اپنے ربّ کا تقویٰ اختیار کرے، اور اس میں سے کچھ بھی کم نہ کرے۔ پس اگر وہ جس کے ذمہ (دوسرے کا) حق ہے بےوقوف ہو یا کمزور ہو یا استطاعت نہ رکھتا ہو کہ وہ لکھوائے تو اُس کا ولی (اس کی نمائندگی میں) انصاف سے لکھوائے۔ اور اپنے مَردوں میں سے دو کو گواہ ٹھہرا لیا کرو۔ اور اگر دو مرد میسر نہ ہوں تو ایک مرد اور دو عورتیں (ایسے) گواہوں میں سے جن پر تم راضی ہو۔ (یہ) اس لئے (ہے) کہ ان دو عورتوں میں سے اگر ایک بھول جائے تو دوسری اسے یاد کروا دے۔ اور جب گواہوں کو بلایا جائے تو وہ انکار نہ کریں ۔ اور (لین دین) خواہ چھوٹا ہو یا بڑا اُسے اس کی مقررہ میعاد تک (یعنی مکمل معاہدہ) لکھنے سے اکتاؤ نہیں۔ تمہارا یہ طرزِعمل خدا کے نزدیک بہت منصفانہ ٹھہرے گا اور شہادت کو قائم کرنے کے لئے بہت مضبوط اقدام ہوگا، اور اس بات کے زیادہ قریب ہوگا کہ تم شکوک میں مبتلا نہ ہو۔ (لکھنا فرض ہے) سوائے اس کے کہ وہ دست بدست تجارت ہو جسے تم (اسی وقت) آپس میں لے دے لیتے ہو۔ اس صورت میں تم پر کوئی گناہ نہیں کہ تم اسے نہ لکھو۔ اور جب تم کوئی (لمبی) خرید و فروخت کرو تو گواہ ٹھہرا لیا کرو۔ اور لکھنے والے کو اور گواہ کو (کسی قسم کی کوئی) تکلیف نہ پہنچائی جائے۔ اگر تم نے ایسا کیا تو یقیناً یہ تمہارے لئے بڑے گناہ کی بات ہوگی۔ اور اللہ سے ڈرو جبکہ اللہ ہی تمہیں تعلیم دیتا ہے۔ اور اللہ ہر چیز کا خوب علم رکھتا ہے۔

اردو تفسیرِ صغیر

اے ایمان دارو! جب تم ایک دوسرے سے کسی مقررہ میعاد [1]کے لئے قرض لو تو اسے لکھ لو اور چاہیے کہ کوئی لکھنے والا تمہارے درمیان[2] (طے شدہ معاہدہ کو) انصاف کے ساتھ لکھ دے۔ اور کوئی کاتب لکھنے سے انکار نہ کرے کیونکہ اللہ نے اسے (لکھنا) سکھایا ہے۔ پس چاہیے کہ وہ (ضرور) لکھے اور تحریر وہ لکھوائے جس کے ذمہ حق ہو اور چاہیے کہ وہ (لکھواتے وقت) اللہ کا جو اس کا رب ہے تقویٰ مدنظر رکھے اور اس میں سے کچھ (بھی) کم نہ کرے۔ اور اگر وہ شخص جس کے ذمہ حق ہے نادان ہو یا کمزور ہو یا خود لکھوانے کی قدرت نہ رکھتا ہو تو چاہیے کہ (اس کی بجائے) اس کا کارپرداز انصاف کے ساتھ (تحریر) لکھوائے اور تم اپنے مردوں میں سے (اس موقع پر) دو کو گواہ مقرر کر لیا کرو۔ ہاں اگر دونوں (گواہ) مرد نہ ہوں تو (موقع کے) گواہوں [3]سے جن لوگوں کو (بطور گواہ کے) تم پسند کرتے ہو ان میں سے ایک مرد اور دو عورتیں (گواہ بنا لیا کرو۔ دو عورتوں کی شرط اس لئے ہے) تا ان میں سے ایک کے بھول جانے کی صورت میں دونوں میں سے (ہر) ایک دوسری کو (بات) یاد دلائے اور جب گواہوں کو بلایا جائے تو وہ انکار نہ کریں۔ اور خواہ چھوٹا (لین دین) ہو یا بڑا ہو تم اسے اس کی میعاد سمیت لکھنے میں سستی نہ کیا کرو۔ یہ بات اللہ کے نزدیک انصاف والی ہے اورشہادت کو زیادہ درست رکھنے والی ہے۔ نیز (تمہارے لئے اس بات کو) قریب تر (کر دینے والی) ہے کہ تم شک میں نہ پڑو (پس لین دن کا لکھنا ضروری ہے) سوائے اس (صورت) کے کہ تجارت دست بدست[4] ہو جسے تم آپس میں (مال اور رقم) لے دے (کر اسی وقت قصہ ختم کر) لیتے ہو۔ اس صورت میں اس (لین دین) کے نہ لکھنے میں تم پر کوئی گناہ نہیں[5]۔ اور جب باہم خریدو فروخت[6] کرو تو گواہ بنا لیا کرو۔ اور (یہ امر یاد رہے کہ) نہ کاتب کو تکلیف دی جائے اور نہ گواہ کو۔ اور اگر تم (ایسا) کرو تو یہ (بات) تم میں نافرمانی (کی علامت) ہوگی۔ اور چاہیے کہ تم اللہ کا تقویٰ اختیار کرو اور (اگر تم ایسا کرو گے تو) اللہ تمہیں علم دے گا اور اللہ ہر چیز کو خوب جانتا ہے۔

اِلٰی اَجَلٍ مُّسَمًّی۔ اس میں اِلٰی یا تو لام کے معنوں میں ہے اور معنے یہ ہیں کہ مقررہ میعاد کے لئے قرض لو اور اِلٰی ان معنوں میں عربی میں استعمال ہوتا ہے۔ جیسے قرآن کریم میں آتا ہے وَ الْاَمْرُ اِلَیْکِ یعنی حکم دینے کا اختیار تجھے حاصل ہے۔ یا کہتے ہیں اَحْمَدُ اِلَیْکَ اللّٰہَ: تیرے لئے اللہ کی حمد کرتا ہوں (مغنی) اور یہ بھی ہو سکتا ہے کہ اِلٰی‘ مَعَ کے معنے دیتا ہو۔ یہ معنے عربی میں مستعمل ہیں۔ قرآن کریم میں بھی آتا ہے مَنْ اَنْصَارِیْ اِلَی اللّٰہِ یعنی کون اللہ کے ساتھ ہو کر میری مدد کرتا ہے۔ اس اِلٰی کے لئے یہ شرط ہوتی ہے ک

’’تمہارے درمیان‘‘ اس کے یہ معنے بھی ہو سکتے ہیں کہ جو معاہدہ تمہارے درمیان ہوا ہے وہ لکھ دے اور یہ بھی کہ کاتب تمہارے اپنے آدمیوں میں سے ہو۔ اور یہ بھی کہ وہ دونوں فریق کی موجودگی میں ان کے سامنے بیٹھ کر لکھے۔

یہ آیت ترجمہ کے لحاظ سے بہت پیچیدہ ہے کیونکہ اس میں شُھَدَآء کا لفظ موقع پر موجود ہونے والوں کے لئے استعمال کیا گیا ہے اور ایک ہی فقرہ میں دو معنوں میں گواہ کے لفظ نے ترجمہ میں پیچیدگی پیدا کر دی ہے۔ مطلب یہ ہے کہ جس وقت تحریر لکھی جا رہی ہو اگر لکھنے والے کے سوا جو مرد و عورت وہاں موجود ہوں ان میں سے وہ دو مردوں کو گواہ مقرر نہ کرنا چاہتا ہو بلکہ کسی عورت کو بھی شامل کرنا چاہتا ہو تو اس صورت میں جو لوگ موقع پر ہوں ان میں سے دونوں فریق کے اعتباری لوگوں میں سے ایک مرد اور دو عورتوں کی شہادت ڈلوائی جائے۔

حَاضِرَۃً کا ترجمہ ’’دست بدست‘‘ کیا گیا ہے۔ یعنی جب مال پر اسی وقت قبضہ کر لیا گیا ہو اور قیمت نقد ادا کر دی گئی ہو۔

اس میں اشارہ ہے کہ اس صورت میں بھی لکھنا اچھا ہے جیسا انگریزی دکان دار ووچر (Voucher) دیتا ہے۔ اس سے جھگڑے کم ہو جاتے ہیں۔

یہ بہت بڑے سَودوں کے متعلق ہے کہ ان کو لکھنا بھی چاہیے اور گواہ بھی رکھنے چاہئیں تا فتنہ نہ پیدا ہو۔

English - Short Commentary Translation

O ye who believe! when you borrow one from another for a fixed period, then write it down. And let a scribe write it in your presence faithfully; and no scribe should refuse to write, because [b]Allah has taught him, so let him write and let him who incurs the liability dictate,[354] and he should fear Allah, his Lord, and not diminish anything therefrom. But if the person incurring the liability be of low understanding or be weak or be unable himself to dictate, then let someone who can guard his interest dictate with justice. And call two witnesses from among your men; and if two men be not available, then a man and two women, of such as you approve as witnesses, so that if either of the two women should forget, then one may remind the other. And the witnesses should not refuse when they are called. And be not averse to writing it down whether it be small or large, along with its appointed time of payment. This is more equitable in the sight of Allah and makes testimony surer and is more likely to save you from doubt; so write it down [a]except that it be ready transaction which you make among yourselves on the spot in which case it shall be no sin for you that you write it not.[354A] And have witnesses when you sell one to another;[354B] and let no harm be done to the scribe or the witness. And if you do that, then certainly it shall be disobedience on your part. And fear Allah. And Allah teaches you and Allah knows all things well.

English - Five Volume Translation

O ye who believe! when you borrow one from another for a fixed period, then write it down. And let a scribe write it in your presence faithfully; and no scribe should refuse to write, because [a]Allah has taught him, so let him write and let him who incurs the liability dictate; and he should fear Allah, his Lord, and not diminish anything therefrom. But if the person incurring the liability be of low understanding or be weak or be unable himself to dictate, then let someone who can watch his interest dictate with justice. And call two witnesses from among your men; and if two men be not available, then a man and two women, of such as you like as witnesses, so that if either of two women should err in memory, then one may remind the other. And the witnesses should not refuse when they are called. And do not feel weary of writing it down, whether it be small or large, along with its appointed time of payment. This is more equitable in the sight of Allah and makes testimony surer and is more likely to keep you away from doubts; therefore omit not to write [b]except that it be ready merchandise which you give or take from hand to hand, in which case it shall be no sin for you that you write it not. And have witnesses when you sell one to another; and let no harm be done to the scribe or the witness. And if you do that, then certainly it shall be disobedience on your part. And fear Allah. And Allah grants you knowledge and Allah knows all things well.[289]

96:5.

4:30.

Important Words:

ولیه (someone who can watch his interest). ولی means, friend; helper; guardian of one’s affairs; he who protects or watches one’s interests (Aqrab). See also 2:108.

Commentary:

As the preceding verses prohibit interest and enjoin that only the original sum taken as a loan be returned to the creditor, the Quran now fittingly turns to the subject of loans not carrying interest. The verse enjoins that all transactions regarding loans should be committed to writing. It is really amazing, and is indeed a wonderful testimony to its Divine origin, that the Quran, which was revealed about 1,350 years ago when the art of writing was yet in its infancy, should lay so much stress on writing down all transactions.

The verse should not be interpreted to signify that only such transactions should be committed to writing as have a fixed term for the paying back of a loan. The injunction is general and is meant to obviate or minimize disputes so as to leave no room for doubt as to whether any amount has really been lent and as to the amount of the money lent. The words, for a fixed period, have been added to emphasize the additional fact that whenever a loan is advanced, a term must be fixed.

The verse further enjoins that when a transaction is made on credit, the document drawn up should be written by a third person so that there may be little chance of fraud and neither of the parties may have a cause of complaint against the other, both standing on the same level.

The borrower, and not the lender, is to dictate because: (1) it is the borrower who incurs the liability, and justice demands that words defining the liability should not only be well known to, but also selected by him; (2) the document is to be deposited with the lender and not the borrower. So the borrower has been asked to dictate so that the fact of his having dictated may serve as a proof of the correctness of the amount and the condition about payment, and he may have no ground to deny it.The clause, he should not diminish anything therefrom, have been added because loans may be of different kinds. They may not always be in cash and may be for long terms and there may also be certain conditions attached to them. In such cases it sometimes happens that in drawing up documents, people resort to trickery and leave loopholes. So borrowers (who have to dictate) have been warned against such evil practices and have been enjoined to fear God and dictate with honesty and justice.

In the clause, and call two witnesses from among your men, the word "your" has been most wisely added to imply that the witnesses should not be strangers but should be known men residing in the same locality so that, if need arises, they may be easily summoned to give evidence. The words "such as you like", point to the fact that the witnesses, whether men or women, should be desirable persons and should enjoy the confidence of both parties.

The clause, and let no harm be done to the scribe or the witness, signifies that if the scribe is a professional man, he should be duly paid for his services; otherwise wrong would be done to him. Similarly, a person should not be compelled, so far as possible, to become a witness if it causes him loss of any kind. Again, the scribe or the witnesses should also be paid their travelling and other necessary expenses when they are summoned before a Qadi or judge. The words also hint that the witnesses and the scribe should not be forced or threatened or bribed or otherwise influenced to suppress the truth or tell a falsehood when called upon to give evidence.

اردو ترجمہ مودودی

اے لوگو جو ایمان لائے ہو، جب کسی مقرر مدت کے لیے تم آپس میں قرض کا لین دین کرو، تو اسے لکھ لیا کرو فریقین کے درمیان انصاف کے ساتھ ایک شخص دستاویز تحریر کرے جسے اللہ نے لکھنے پڑھنے کی قابلیت بخشی ہو، اسے لکھنے سے انکار نہ کرنا چاہیے وہ لکھے اور املا وہ شخص کرائے جس پر حق آتا ہے (یعنی قرض لینے والا)، اور اُسے اللہ، اپنے رب سے ڈرنا چاہیے کہ جو معاملہ طے ہوا ہو اس میں کوئی کمی بیشی نہ کرے لیکن اگر قرض لینے والا خود نادان یا ضعیف ہو، املا نہ کرا سکتا ہو، تواس کا ولی انصاف کے ساتھ املا کرائے پھر اپنے مردوں سے دو آدمیوں کی اس پر گواہی کرا لو اور اگر دو مرد نہ ہوں تو ایک مرد اور دو عورتیں ہوں تاکہ ایک بھول جائے، تو دوسری اسے یاد دلا دے یہ گواہ ایسے لوگوں میں سے ہونے چاہییں، جن کی گواہی تمہارے درمیان مقبول ہو گواہوں کو جب گواہ بننے کے لیے کہا جائے، تو انہیں انکار نہ کرنا چاہیے معاملہ خواہ چھوٹا ہو یا بڑا، میعاد کی تعین کے ساتھ اس کی دستاویز لکھوا لینے میں تساہل نہ کرو اللہ کے نزدیک یہ طریقہ تمہارے لیے زیادہ مبنی بر انصاف ہے، اس سے شہادت قائم ہونے میں زیادہ سہولت ہوتی ہے، اور تمہارے شکوک و شبہات میں مبتلا ہونے کا امکان کم رہ جاتا ہے ہاں جو تجارتی لین دین دست بدست تم لوگ آپس میں کرتے ہو، اس کو نہ لکھا جائے تو کوئی حرج نہیں، مگر تجارتی معاملے طے کرتے وقت گواہ کر لیا کرو کاتب اور گواہ کو ستایا نہ جائے ایسا کرو گے، تو گناہ کا ارتکاب کرو گے اللہ کے غضب سے بچو وہ تم کو صحیح طریق عمل کی تعلیم دیتا ہے اور اسے ہر چیز کا علم ہے

اردو ترجمہ احمد علی

اے ایمان والو! جب تم کسی وقت مقرر تک آپس میں ادھار کا معاملہ کرو تو اسے لکھ لیا کرو اور چاہیئے کہ تمہارے درمیان لکھنے والے انصاف سے لکھے اور لکھنے والا لکھنے سے انکار نہ کرے جیسا کہ اس کو الله نے سکھایا ہے سو اسے چاہیئے کہ لکھ دے اور وہ شخص بتلاتا جائے کہ جس پر قرض ہے اور الله سے ڈرے جو اس کا رب ہے اور اس میں کچھ کم کر کے نہ لکھائے پھر اگر وہ شخص کہ جس پر قرض ہے بے وقوف ہے یا کمزور ہے یا وہ بتلا نہیں سکتا تو اس کا کارکن ٹھیک طور پر لکھوا دے اور اپنے مردوں میں سے دو گواہ کر لیا کرو پھر اگر دو مرد نہ ہوں تو ایک مرد اور دوعورتیں ان لوگوں میں سے جنہیں تم گواہو ں میں سے پسند کرتے ہوتاکہ اگر ایک ان میں سے بھول جائے تو دوسری اسے یاد دلا دے اور جب گواہوں کو بلایا جائے تو انکار نہ کریں اور معاملہ چھوٹا ہو یا بڑا اس کی معیاد تک لکھنے میں سستی نہ کرو یہ لکھ لینا الله کے نزدیک انصاف کو زیادہ قائم رکھنے والا ہے اور شہادت کا زیادہ درست رکھنے والا ہے اور زیادہ قریب ہے اس بات کے کہ تم کسی شبہ میں نہ پڑو مگر یہ کہ سوداگری ہاتھوں ہاتھ ہو جسے آپس میں لیتے دیتے ہو پھر تم پر کوئی گناہ نہیں کہ اسے نہ لکھو اور جب آپس میں سودا کرو تو گواہ بنا لو اور لکھنے والے اور گواہ بنانے والے کو تکلیف نہ دی جائے اور اگر تم نے تکلیف دی تو تمہیں گناہ ہوگا اور الله سے ڈرو اور الله تمہیں سکھاتا ہے اور الله ہر چیز کا جاننے والا ہے

اردہ تفصیرِ صغیر نوٹس ^*

یہ بہت بڑے سَودوں کے متعلق ہے کہ ان کو لکھنا بھی چاہیے اور گواہ بھی رکھنے چاہئیں تا فتنہ نہ پیدا ہو۔

English - Five Volume Commentary ^*

Cross Refs:

96:5.

4:30.

289

Important Words:

ولیه (someone who can watch his interest). ولی means, friend; helper; guardian of one’s affairs; he who protects or watches one’s interests (Aqrab). See also 2:108.

Commentary:

3:36

اِذۡ قَالَتِ امۡرَاَتُ عِمۡرٰنَ رَبِّ اِنِّیۡ نَذَرۡتُ لَکَ مَا فِیۡ بَطۡنِیۡ مُحَرَّرًا فَتَقَبَّلۡ مِنِّیۡۤ ۖ اِنَّکَ اَنۡتَ السَّمِیۡعُ الۡعَلِیۡمُ

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

Remember when the woman of ‘Imran said, ‘My Lord, I have vowed to Thee what is in my womb to be dedicated to Thy service. So do accept it of me; verily, Thou alone art All-Hearing, All-Knowing.’

English - Five Volume Translation

Important Words:

محررا (dedicated to special service) is derived from حر i.e. it became hot; or he became free. حرر means, he wrote; or he wrote well and elegantly and accurately. حرر رقبة means, he freed a slave. حرر ابنه means, he dedicated his son for the worship of God and the service of the church or the temple; or he devoted him to that service as long as he should live. محرر means, freed from slavery; emancipated; a child devoted by the parent to the service of the church or the temple; or one divorced from all affairs of the world and dedicated to the service of the temple (Lane, Mufradat & Jarir). It was a custom among the Israelites that those who were dedicated to the service of the temple remained unmarried (Gospel of Mary, 5:6; and Bayan under 3:36).

امرأة (woman) is derived from مرأ i.e. it (the food) was wholesome. مرء or امرأ means, a man. مرأة or امرأة means, a woman; a perfect woman; a wife (Lane).

عمران (‘Imran). In the present verse the word is either the abbreviated form of آل عمران (the family of ‘Imran, father of Moses) just as they use the word "Israel" for "the Children of Israel" (see 2:41), or it refers to ‘Imran, the father of Mary. See also 3:34.

Commentary:

In this verse the mother of Mary whose name was Hanna (Enc. Bib.) has been spoken of as امرأة عمران (woman of ‘Imran), while in 19:29 Mary herself has been addressed as اخت ھارون (sister of Aaron). ‘Imran (Amram) and Aaron were respectively the father and brother of Moses, while he had also a sister named Miriam. Being ignorant of Arabic idiom and Quranic style, Christian writers, who ascribe the authorship of the Quran to the Holy Prophet, think that in his ignorance he confused Mary, mother of Jesus, with Mary or Miriam, the sister of Moses. Thus they pretend to have discovered a serious anachronism in the Quran––an absurd charge, inasmuch as quite a number of passages can be cited to show that the Quran considers Moses and Jesus as two Prophets separated from each other by a long line of Prophets (e.g. 2:88; 5:44-46).

These Christian writers are not the first to make this "discovery". The "credit" for it goes to the Christians of Najran who, as long as 1,350 years ago, raised the same objection and received a prompt reply. It is on record that when the Holy Prophet sent Mughirah to Najran, a Christian of that place asked him: "Do you not read in the Quran Mary (mother of Jesus,) being mentioned as the sister of Aaron, while you know that Jesus was born a long, long time after Moses?" "I did not know the answer," says Mughirah, "and on my return to Medina I enquired about it of the Holy Prophet who readily answered, 'Why did you not tell them that the Israelites used to name their children after their deceased Prophets and saints?' " (Tirmidhi). In fact, there is actually a tradition to the effect that the husband of Hanna and the father of Mary was named ‘Imran whose father, (i.e. Mary’s grandfather) had the name Yoshhim or Yoshim (Jarir & Kathir). Thus this ‘Imran is different from the ‘Imran who was the father of Moses and whose own father was Kohath (Exod. 6:18-20).

The fact that Hanna’s husband, or for that matter Mary’s father, has been named Joachim in the Christian scriptures (Gospel of the Birth of Mary and the Enc. Brit. under Mary) should not perplex us as Joachim is the same as Yoshim mentioned by Ibn Jarir as the father of ‘Imran. The Christian scriptures give the name of the grandfather instead of the father, which is not an uncommon practice. Besides, there are instances in the Bible of one person being known by two names. Gideon, for instance, was also called Jerubbaal (Judg. 7:1). So there should be no surprise if the second name of Joachim happened to be ‘Imran.

Moreover, like individuals, families, too, are sometimes known after the names of their distinguished ancestors. In the Bible, the name Israel sometimes stands for the Israelites (Deut. 6:3, 4) and Kedar for the Ishmaelites (Isa. 21:16; 42:11). Similarly, Jesus has been called the son of David (Matt. 1:1). So the words امرأة عمران may also mean امرأة آل عمرانi.e. a woman from the family of ‘Imran, or a perfect woman from the family of ‘Imran. This explanation finds further strength from the fact that the words آل عمران (family of ‘Imran) have been used by the Quran only two verses before the present one. So the word آل (family) was dropped here owing to the nearness of reference. And it is admitted that Hanna, the mother of Mary, who was the cousin of Elisabeth (John’s mother) belonged to the House of Aaron and through him to that of ‘Imran (Luke 1:5, 36).

The vow of Mary’s mother seems to have been taken under the influence of the Essenes who were generally held in high esteem by the people of that time, and who practised celibacy and excluded women from their membership, and dedicated their lives to the service of religion and their fellow beings (Enc. Bib. and Jew. Enc.). It is remarkable that the teachings of the Gospels have much in common with those of the Essenes. It is also clear from the meaning of the word محرر as given under Important Words above, that Mary’s mother had vowed the dedication of her child’s life to the service of the temple, and as such she intended the child never to marry, which shows that Mary was meant to belong to the priestly class. This is why, elsewhere in the Quran, she is called the sister of Aaron and not of Moses (19:29) though both were real brothers, for whereas Moses was the founder of the Jewish Law, Aaron was the head of the Jewish priestly class (Enc. Bib. and Enc. Brit. under Aaron). Thus Mary, mother of Jesus, was the sister of Aaron not in the sense that she was his real sister but in the sense that, like Aaron, she belonged to the priestly order.

English - Five Volume Commentary ^*

326

Important Words:

امرأة (woman) is derived from مرأ i.e. it (the food) was wholesome. مرء or امرأ means, a man. مرأة or امرأة means, a woman; a perfect woman; a wife (Lane).

Commentary:

3:41

قَالَ رَبِّ اَنّٰی یَکُوۡنُ لِیۡ غُلٰمٌ وَّقَدۡ بَلَغَنِیَ الۡکِبَرُ وَامۡرَاَتِیۡ عَاقِرٌ ۖ قَالَ کَذٰلِکَ اللّٰہُ یَفۡعَلُ مَا یَشَآءُ

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

He said, ‘My Lord, how shall I have a son, when age has overtaken me, and my wife is barren?’ He answered, ‘Such is the way of Allah: He does what He pleases.’

3:144

وَلَقَدۡ کُنۡتُمۡ تَمَنَّوۡنَ الۡمَوۡتَ مِنۡ قَبۡلِ اَنۡ تَلۡقَوۡہُ فَقَدۡ رَاَیۡتُمُوۡہُ وَاَنۡتُمۡ تَنۡظُرُوۡنَ

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

And you used to wish for this death before you met it; now you have seen it while you were actually looking for it.

English - Five Volume Translation

And you used to wish for this death before you met it; now you have seen it while you were actually looking for it.[427]

Important Words:

تنظرون (looking for) is derived fromنظر which ordinarily means, he saw or he looked. نظرہ or نظر الیه means, he looked at, or he looked towards, him in order to see him; or he extended or stretched his sight towards him whether he saw him or not. نظرہ also means, he waited for him or it. داری تنظر دارہ means, my house faces his house (Aqrab & Lane).

Commentary:

The word موت (death) here stands for war, for the result of war is death. War was death particularly for the Muslims, who were extremely weak, both in equipment and numbers compared with their powerful enemy. In Zurqani، we read that when, before the Battle of Uhud, the Holy Prophet proposed to fight the enemy from inside Medina, some of his Companions, particularly those who had not taken part in the Battle of Badr, said, "We had longed for this day. So go out with us to our enemies, so that they may not think that we have played the coward" (Zurqani, i. 22). It is to this longing of the Muslims that reference is made in the words, you used to wish for this death. This longing meant that the Muslims wished to achieve something in the way of God, but God here reprimands them by saying that now they have seen that they could do nothing by themselves. This is why Islam teaches that one should never desire encounter with the enemy; but that if and when the occasion actually comes, one should be brave and steadfast. The Holy Prophet says: "Do not desire encounter with the enemy; rather ask for peace and security from Allah. But when you meet the enemy, then be steadfast and patient and know that Paradise lies under the shadow of the swords, i.e. if you die fighting in the cause of God, He will surely grant you bliss and happiness in the life to come (Muslim, ch. on Jihad).

The pronoun in the words, seen it, refers to fighting. It signifies that you have now seen fighting and have, as a result of that, realized that without the help of God you possess no power to fight the enemy and can achieve nothing. The closing words, while you were actually looking for it, are intended to cheer up the spirits of believers. The reverse only brought about the very thing they were looking for.

English - Five Volume Commentary ^*

427

Important Words:

Commentary:

4:13

۞ وَلَکُمۡ نِصۡفُ مَا تَرَکَ اَزۡوٰجُکُمۡ اِنۡ لَّمۡ یَکُنۡ لَّہُنَّ وَلَدٌ ۚ فَاِنۡ کَانَ لَہُنَّ وَلَدٌ فَلَکُمُ الرُّبُعُ مِمَّا تَرَکۡنَ ۚ مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِیَّۃٍ یُّوۡصِیۡنَ بِہَاۤ اَوۡ دَیۡنٍ ۚ وَلَہُنَّ الرُّبُعُ مِمَّا تَرَکۡتُمۡ اِنۡ لَّمۡ یَکُنۡ لَّکُمۡ وَلَدٌ ۚ فَاِنۡ کَانَ لَکُمۡ وَلَدٌ فَلَہُنَّ الثُّمُنُ مِمَّا تَرَکۡتُمۡ ۚ مِّنۡۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِیَّۃٍ تُوۡصُوۡنَ بِہَاۤ اَوۡ دَیۡنٍ ۗ وَاِنۡ کَانَ رَجُلٌ یُّوۡرَثُ کَلٰلَۃً اَوِ امۡرَاَۃٌ وَّلَہٗۤ اَخٌ اَوۡ اُخۡتٌ فَلِکُلِّ وٰحِدٍ مِّنۡہُمَا السُّدُسُ ۚ فَاِنۡ کَانُوۡۤا اَکۡثَرَ مِنۡ ذٰلِکَ فَہُمۡ شُرَکَآءُ فِی الثُّلُثِ ۚ مِنۡۢ بَعۡدِ وَصِیَّۃٍ یُّوۡصٰی بِہَاۤ اَوۡ دَیۡنٍ غَیۡرَ مُضَآرٍّ ۚ وَصِیَّۃً مِّنَ اللّٰہِ ۗ وَاللّٰہُ عَلِیۡمٌ حَلِیۡمٌ

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

And you shall have half of that which your wives leave, if they have no child; but if they have a child, then you shall have a fourth of that which they leave, after the payment of any bequests they may have bequeathed or of debt. And they shall have a fourth of that which you leave, if you have no child; but if you have a child, then they shall have an eighth of that which you leave, after the payment of any bequests you may have bequeathed or of debt. And if there be a man or a woman whose heritage is to be divided and he or she has neither parent nor child, and he or she has a brother or a sister, then each one of them shall have a sixth. But if they be more than that, then they shall be equal sharers in one-third, after the payment of any bequests which may have been bequeathed or of debt, without prejudice to the debt. This is an injunction from Allah, and Allah is All-Knowing, Forbearing.

Chinese

如果你们的妻子没有子女, 你们应得她们遗产的二分之一; 如果她们有子女, 你们应得其财产的四分之一。在分配财产前, 须先交付死者所嘱咐的赠礼和清偿死者所欠的债务。如果你们没有子女, 你们的妻子得你们遗产的四分之一; 如果有子女, 她们得其八分之一。在分配财产前, 先得交付死者所嘱咐的赠礼和清偿所欠的债务。[a]假若被继承的男子或女子没有父母子女,[315]但有一个兄弟或一个姐妹, 那么, 他或她各得其遗产的六分之一; 假如被继承者有更多的兄弟姐妹, 那么, 他们和她们均分遗产的三分之一。在分配遗产前, 先得交付死者嘱咐的赠礼或归还所欠的债务。(在这个分配中) 不要立意损害任何人。[316]这是安拉发出的禁令。安拉是全知的, 容忍的。

English - Short Commentary Translation

And you shall have half of that which your wives leave, if they have no child; but if they have a child, then you shall have a fourth of that which they leave, after the payment of any bequests they may have bequeathed or of debt. And they shall have a fourth of that which you leave, if you have no child; but if you have a child, then they shall have an eighth of that which you leave, after the payment of any bequests you may have bequeathed or of debt. [a]And if there be a man or a woman whose heritage is to be divided and he or she has neither parent nor child,[575] and he or she has a brother and a sister, then each one of them shall have a sixth. But if they be more than that, then they shall be equal sharers in one-third, after the payment of any bequests which may have been bequeathed or of debt. And all this shall be without intent to cause injury to any one.[575A] This is an injunction from Allah and Allah is Wise, Forbearing.

English - Five Volume Translation

And you shall have half of that which your wives leave, if they have no child; but if they have a child, then you shall have a fourth of that which they leave, after the payment of any bequests they may have bequeathed or of debt. And they shall have a fourth of that which you leave, if you have no child; but if you have a child, then they shall have an eighth of that which you leave, after the payment of any bequests you may have bequeathed or of debt. [a]And if there be a man or a woman whose heritage is to be divided and he or she has neither parent nor child, and he or she has a brother or a sister, then each one of them shall have a sixth. But if they be more than that, then they shall be equal sharers in one-third, after the payment of any bequests which may have been bequeathed or of debt, without prejudice to the debt. This is an injunction from Allah, and Allah is All-Knowing, Forbearing.[495]

4:177.

Important Words:

کلالة (one who has neither parent nor child) is derived from کل i.e. he was or became fatigued, tired or wearied and could proceed no further; he was or became one having no child and no parent, the latter meaning being based on the former, as a person having no child or parent becomes, as it were, too fatigued for the racial march. کلالة is (1) a person who leaves behind neither father nor child, male or female; or (2) a person who leaves behind neither father nor son. According to Ibn ‘Abbas, کلالة is a person who leaves no son irrespective of the fact whether his father is living or not. This would thus be the third meaning of کلالة (Lane, Aqrab & Mufradat).

Commentary:

The first part of this verse determines the share of the husband and the wife in inheritance and needs no comment. The latter part deals with the case of a Kalalah, i.e. one who leaves neither parent nor child and whose property is inherited by his or her brother and sister. Now, if there is only one brother and one sister, each of them will get one-sixth. But if they are more than that, they will be sharers in one-third.

It should, however, be noted that in this respect brothers and sisters fall under three heads; firstly, real brothers or sisters, offspring of the same parents (such brothers or sisters are technically known as اعیانی a‘yani); secondly, brothers and sisters on the side of the father only (these are technically known as علاتی ‘allati); thirdly, brothers and sisters on the side of the mother only, their father being not the same as that of the deceased (such brothers and sisters being technically called اخیافی akhyafi). It is to the last-mentioned class that the commandment given in the present verse pertains; the law with regard to the first two classes of brothers and sisters being given in the last verse of this Surah.

The reader will further note that the shares allotted to the brothers and sisters of the last-mentioned class are smaller than those allotted to the brothers and sisters of the first two classes, the reason being that the brothers and sisters of this class are on the side of the mother only, while the brothers and the sisters of the other two classes are the children of the same father as the deceased.

It is also noteworthy that in the property of a person who dies as a Kalalah, as mentioned in the present verse, both brothers and sisters have equal shares, the usual ratio of two to one not being observed in their case.

The words, "without prejudice to the debt", are important. They mean that the payment of debts should not suffer by the payment of bequests. In other words, debts are to be paid prior to the payment of bequests. It was in compliance with this Quranic injunction that the Holy Prophet used to have the debts paid before the payment of bequests. The rights of other people must be safeguarded before any bequest made by the deceased is complied with. So strict was the Holy Prophet in these matters that he refused to perform the funeral service of the man whose debts were likely to remain unpaid.

It may incidentally be noted here that heirs are divided into two main groups:

1. ذووالفرائض (Dhawul-Fara’id), i.e. persons to whom Islam allots a fixed and definite share (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 2/3, 1/3 or 1/6), or in the estate of a deceased person.

2. عصبات (‘Asabat), i.e. the heirs who receive the residue after the Dhawul-Fara’id have received their allotted shares.

It is, however, not necessary that a member of the first group should always remain a Dhul-Faridah. In certain cases, he may be both a Dhul-Faridah (sharer) and an ‘Asaba (residuary) and in other cases he may be simply an ‘Asaba.

The Dhawul-Fara’id (sharers) are 12 in number, four males and eight females. The males are: 1. father, 2. paternal grandfather, 3. husband and 4. half-brother on the maternal side. The females are: (1) daughter, (2) son’s daughter, (3) mother, (4) wife, (5) full sister, (6) half-sister on paternal side, (7) half-sister on maternal side, and (8) grandmother whether paternal or maternal.

The ‘Asabat (residuaries) are of four kinds: (1) ascendants of the deceased, i.e. father, paternal grandfather, etc. (2) descendants of the deceased, i.e. son, son’s son, etc. (3) descendants of the father of the deceased, i.e. full brother, brother’s son, etc. (4) descendants of the grandfather, i.e. full paternal uncle, paternal uncle’s son, etc.

English - Five Volume Commentary ^*

Cross Refs:

4:177.

495

Important Words:

Commentary:

It may incidentally be noted here that heirs are divided into two main groups:

1. ذووالفرائض (Dhawul-Fara’id), i.e. persons to whom Islam allots a fixed and definite share (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 2/3, 1/3 or 1/6), or in the estate of a deceased person.

2. عصبات (‘Asabat), i.e. the heirs who receive the residue after the Dhawul-Fara’id have received their allotted shares.

4:62

وَاِذَا قِیۡلَ لَہُمۡ تَعَالَوۡا اِلٰی مَاۤ اَنۡزَلَ اللّٰہُ وَاِلَی الرَّسُوۡلِ رَاَیۡتَ الۡمُنٰفِقِیۡنَ یَصُدُّوۡنَ عَنۡکَ صُدُوۡدًا

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

And when it is said to them, ‘Come ye to what Allah has sent down and to His Messenger,’ thou seest the hypocrites turn away from thee with aversion.

4:129

وَاِنِ امۡرَاَۃٌ خَافَتۡ مِنۡۢ بَعۡلِہَا نُشُوۡزًا اَوۡ اِعۡرَاضًا فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَیۡہِمَاۤ اَنۡ یُّصۡلِحَا بَیۡنَہُمَا صُلۡحًا ۚ وَالصُّلۡحُ خَیۡرٌ ۗ وَاُحۡضِرَتِ الۡاَنۡفُسُ الشُّحَّ ۚ وَاِنۡ تُحۡسِنُوۡا وَتَتَّقُوۡا فَاِنَّ اللّٰہَ کَانَ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُوۡنَ خَبِیۡرًا

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

And if a woman fear ill treatment or indifference on the part of her husband, it shall be no sin on them that they be suitably reconciled to each other; and reconciliation is best. And people are prone to covetousness. If you do good and are righteous, surely Allah is aware of what you do.

6:69

وَاِذَا رَاَیۡتَ الَّذِیۡنَ یَخُوۡضُوۡنَ فِیۡۤ اٰیٰتِنَا فَاَعۡرِضۡ عَنۡہُمۡ حَتّٰی یَخُوۡضُوۡا فِیۡ حَدِیۡثٍ غَیۡرِہٖ ۚ وَاِمَّا یُنۡسِیَنَّکَ الشَّیۡطٰنُ فَلَا تَقۡعُدۡ بَعۡدَ الذِّکۡرٰی مَعَ الۡقَوۡمِ الظّٰلِمِیۡنَ

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

And when thou seest those who engage in vain discourse concerning Our Signs, then turn thou away from them until they engage in a discourse other than that. And if Satan cause thee to forget, then sit not, after recollection, with the unjust people.

English - Five Volume Translation

And [b]when thou seest those who engage in vain discourse concerning Our Signs, then turn thou away from them until they engage in a discourse other than that. And if Satan cause thee to forget, then sit not, after recollection, with the unjust people.[814]

4:141.

Important Words:

ذکری (recollection) is the noun-infinitive from ذکر i.e. "he remembered, etc." for which see 2:41, 153, 201. ذکری means, remembering or recollecting; remembrance; the presence of a thing in the mind; mentioning or relating a thing; accepting of an exhortation; reminding or causing to remember; admonition. Thus the word is used both intransitively and transitively (Lane & Aqrab).

Commentary:

When the disbelievers, in reply to their demand for punishment, were told that there was a time fixed for every prophecy and that the punishment of God could not come before its time, they began to laugh at the prophecy. So the Quran calls upon the Holy Prophet and, through him, the believers to turn away from them, i.e. to quit their company and depart from the place, so that they might not provoke the further wrath of God by indulging in their vain and insolent discourse. Believers are told not to afford disbelievers an occasion to commit further excesses by sitting in their company but to leave them at once on such occasions, so that they may be induced to turn to other talk.

The words, turn thou away from them, may also be taken figuratively, signifying that you should overlook and treat as unnoticed their action of ridiculing and should not dispute with them about it, so that they might drop the subject and turn to some other topic.

"Satan", for which see 2:15, does not always mean the Evil Spirit; the word is also applied to other harmful things.

It has even been applied to "anger" and "jealousy" in some of the sayings of the Holy Prophet. Here, also, it is used in the sense of "anger" and the sentence would thus mean, "if anger or wrath should cause you to forget the injunction to leave the company of such persons and to quit the place…" This interpretation, however, will hold good only in the case of men who stand on a high level of righteousness. In the case of ordinary men, the word would be taken to mean "evil suggestion" or "negligence".

The word ذکری (recollection), as shown under Important Words, means both "recollection", i.e. remembering, and "reminding." Taking it in the intransitive sense, the sentence would mean that when you recollect the injunction to quit the place, you should do so forthwith. Taking the word ذکری in the sense of "reminding," the sentence would mean that before quitting the place, you should remind the scoffers of their mischievous conduct and tell them that it is an evil and dishonourable course which they follow and that it is calculated to excite against them the wrath of God.

It should also be remembered that really it is not the Holy Prophet but every believer that is addressed in this verse.

English - Five Volume Commentary ^*

Cross Refs:

4:141.

814

Important Words:

Commentary:

"Satan", for which see 2:15, does not always mean the Evil Spirit; the word is also applied to other harmful things.

It should also be remembered that really it is not the Holy Prophet but every believer that is addressed in this verse.

6:78

فَلَمَّا رَاَ الۡقَمَرَ بَازِغًا قَالَ ہٰذَا رَبِّیۡ ۖ فَلَمَّاۤ اَفَلَ قَالَ لَئِنۡ لَّمۡ یَہۡدِنِیۡ رَبِّیۡ لَاَکُوۡنَنَّ مِنَ الۡقَوۡمِ الضَّآلِّیۡنَ

English - Hazrat Molavi Sher Ali ^ra

And when he saw the moon rise with spreading light, he said: ‘This is my Lord.’ But when it set, he said, ‘If my Lord guide me not, I shall surely be of the people who go astray.’

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