Topic: Muslim Warriors
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وَلَقَدْ كُنتُمْ تَمَنَّوْنَ ٱلْمَوْتَ مِن قَبْلِ أَن تَلْقَوْهُ فَقَدْ رَأَيْتُمُوهُ وَأَنتُمْ تَنظُرُونَ
“死亡” 这里代表战争, 因为战争的结果是死亡。可以说战争对穆斯林来说意味着死亡。与他们强大的敌人相比, 穆斯林在装备和人数方面都是非常薄弱的。在吴候德战役中, 穆圣提议从麦地那内部和敌人作战, 但是他的一些伙伴们, 特别是那些没有参加过白德尔战役的人说: “我们渴望这一天。让我们出去 和我们的敌人战斗, 以免他们认为我们是懦夫” (زُرْقَانِی, Zurqani, i. 22)。“你们以前但愿这样死去” 这句话指的正是穆斯林的这种经常的愿望。
یعنی جہاد اور شہادت۔
"Death" here stands for war, for the result of war is death. War, as it were, meant death for the Muslims, who were extremely weak, both in equipment and numbers compared with their powerful enemy. In the Battle of Uhud the Holy Prophet proposed to fight the enemy from inside Medina, but some of his Companions, particularly those, who had not taken part in the Battle of Badr, said, "We had longed for this day. Let us go out to fight our enemies, lest they think we are cowards" (Zurqani, i. 22). It is to this desire of the Muslims that reference is made in the words, you used to wish for such a death.
Important Words:
تنظرون (looking for) is derived fromنظر which ordinarily means, he saw or he looked. نظرہ or نظر الیه means, he looked at, or he looked towards, him in order to see him; or he extended or stretched his sight towards him whether he saw him or not. نظرہ also means, he waited for him or it. داری تنظر دارہ means, my house faces his house (Aqrab & Lane).
Commentary:
The word موت (death) here stands for war, for the result of war is death. War was death particularly for the Muslims, who were extremely weak, both in equipment and numbers compared with their powerful enemy. In Zurqani، we read that when, before the Battle of Uhud, the Holy Prophet proposed to fight the enemy from inside Medina, some of his Companions, particularly those who had not taken part in the Battle of Badr, said, "We had longed for this day. So go out with us to our enemies, so that they may not think that we have played the coward" (Zurqani, i. 22). It is to this longing of the Muslims that reference is made in the words, you used to wish for this death. This longing meant that the Muslims wished to achieve something in the way of God, but God here reprimands them by saying that now they have seen that they could do nothing by themselves. This is why Islam teaches that one should never desire encounter with the enemy; but that if and when the occasion actually comes, one should be brave and steadfast. The Holy Prophet says: "Do not desire encounter with the enemy; rather ask for peace and security from Allah. But when you meet the enemy, then be steadfast and patient and know that Paradise lies under the shadow of the swords, i.e. if you die fighting in the cause of God, He will surely grant you bliss and happiness in the life to come (Muslim, ch. on Jihad).
The pronoun in the words, seen it, refers to fighting. It signifies that you have now seen fighting and have, as a result of that, realized that without the help of God you possess no power to fight the enemy and can achieve nothing. The closing words, while you were actually looking for it, are intended to cheer up the spirits of believers. The reverse only brought about the very thing they were looking for.
282
“死亡” 这里代表战争, 因为战争的结果是死亡。可以说战争对穆斯林来说意味着死亡。与他们强大的敌人相比, 穆斯林在装备和人数方面都是非常薄弱的。在吴候德战役中, 穆圣提议从麦地那内部和敌人作战, 但是他的一些伙伴们, 特别是那些没有参加过白德尔战役的人说: “我们渴望这一天。让我们出去 和我们的敌人战斗, 以免他们认为我们是懦夫” (زُرْقَانِی, Zurqani, i. 22)。“你们以前但愿这样死去” 这句话指的正是穆斯林的这种经常的愿望。
1
یعنی جہاد اور شہادت۔
427
Important Words:
تنظرون (looking for) is derived fromنظر which ordinarily means, he saw or he looked. نظرہ or نظر الیه means, he looked at, or he looked towards, him in order to see him; or he extended or stretched his sight towards him whether he saw him or not. نظرہ also means, he waited for him or it. داری تنظر دارہ means, my house faces his house (Aqrab & Lane).
Commentary:
The word موت (death) here stands for war, for the result of war is death. War was death particularly for the Muslims, who were extremely weak, both in equipment and numbers compared with their powerful enemy. In Zurqani، we read that when, before the Battle of Uhud, the Holy Prophet proposed to fight the enemy from inside Medina, some of his Companions, particularly those who had not taken part in the Battle of Badr, said, "We had longed for this day. So go out with us to our enemies, so that they may not think that we have played the coward" (Zurqani, i. 22). It is to this longing of the Muslims that reference is made in the words, you used to wish for this death. This longing meant that the Muslims wished to achieve something in the way of God, but God here reprimands them by saying that now they have seen that they could do nothing by themselves. This is why Islam teaches that one should never desire encounter with the enemy; but that if and when the occasion actually comes, one should be brave and steadfast. The Holy Prophet says: "Do not desire encounter with the enemy; rather ask for peace and security from Allah. But when you meet the enemy, then be steadfast and patient and know that Paradise lies under the shadow of the swords, i.e. if you die fighting in the cause of God, He will surely grant you bliss and happiness in the life to come (Muslim, ch. on Jihad).
The pronoun in the words, seen it, refers to fighting. It signifies that you have now seen fighting and have, as a result of that, realized that without the help of God you possess no power to fight the enemy and can achieve nothing. The closing words, while you were actually looking for it, are intended to cheer up the spirits of believers. The reverse only brought about the very thing they were looking for.
493
"Death" here stands for war, for the result of war is death. War, as it were, meant death for the Muslims, who were extremely weak, both in equipment and numbers compared with their powerful enemy. In the Battle of Uhud the Holy Prophet proposed to fight the enemy from inside Medina, but some of his Companions, particularly those, who had not taken part in the Battle of Badr, said, "We had longed for this day. Let us go out to fight our enemies, lest they think we are cowards" (Zurqani, i. 22). It is to this desire of the Muslims that reference is made in the words, you used to wish for such a death.
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ خُذُوا۟ حِذْرَكُمْ فَٱنفِرُوا۟ ثُبَاتٍ أَوِ ٱنفِرُوا۟ جَمِيعًا
Hidhr means, caution or precaution; vigilance; guard; state of preparation; or of fear (Lane). The word extends to all kinds of precautions and preparations necessary for defence, and has been understood to include the putting on of weapons of defence.
Ath-Thubah means, a company or body of men; a distinct body or company of men; a troop of horsemen (Lane).
Important Words:
ثبات (separate parties) is derived from ثبی and not from ثبت as some wrongly suppose. They say ثبی الشیء i.e. he collected the thing and added to it. ثبوت له خیرا means, I mentioned his qualities one after the other. ثبة of which ثبات is plural means, a company or body of men; a distinct body or company of men; a troop of horsemen; the place where water collects in a valley or ground (Lane & Aqrab).
حذر (precautions). The verb حذر means, he was cautious or vigilant or on his guard; he took care; he prepared himself against; he feared. حذر means, caution or precaution; vigilance; guard; state of preparation; or of fear (Lane). The word extends to all kinds of precautions and preparations necessary for defence, and has been taken to include the putting on of weapons of defence.
Commentary:
The Muslims are warned to be always vigilant and on their guard and in a perfect state of preparation even when they march out in force. The verse may also be taken in the figurative sense, applying to missionary and cultural activities.
543
Important Words:
ثبات (separate parties) is derived from ثبی and not from ثبت as some wrongly suppose. They say ثبی الشیء i.e. he collected the thing and added to it. ثبوت له خیرا means, I mentioned his qualities one after the other. ثبة of which ثبات is plural means, a company or body of men; a distinct body or company of men; a troop of horsemen; the place where water collects in a valley or ground (Lane & Aqrab).
حذر (precautions). The verb حذر means, he was cautious or vigilant or on his guard; he took care; he prepared himself against; he feared. حذر means, caution or precaution; vigilance; guard; state of preparation; or of fear (Lane). The word extends to all kinds of precautions and preparations necessary for defence, and has been taken to include the putting on of weapons of defence.
Commentary:
The Muslims are warned to be always vigilant and on their guard and in a perfect state of preparation even when they march out in force. The verse may also be taken in the figurative sense, applying to missionary and cultural activities.
630
Hidhr means, caution or precaution; vigilance; guard; state of preparation; or of fear (Lane). The word extends to all kinds of precautions and preparations necessary for defence, and has been understood to include the putting on of weapons of defence.
631
Ath-Thubah means, a company or body of men; a distinct body or company of men; a troop of horsemen (Lane).
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوٓا۟ إِذَا لَقِيتُمُ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ زَحْفًا فَلَا تُوَلُّوهُمُ ٱلْأَدْبَارَ
8:46; 47:5.
Important Words:
زحفا (advancing in force) is derived from زحف i.e. he walked, marched or went on foot little by little; he crept or crawled along; or he went leisurely or heavily; or he walked or moved with an effort; or he dragged himself along upon the ground. They say زحف العسکر meaning, the army moved heavily on account of its great numbers. زحف means, an army or military force marching slowly or heavily by reason of their multitude; a numerous army (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
The word زحفا (advancing in force) qualifies and refers to the believers and not the disbelievers, as supposed by some commentators. The following verse, as well as the wording of the present one, makes the reference positively clear.
When a Muslim army (not a small detachment) meets the enemy, they are strictly forbidden to flee from the field of battle. They must fight and go on fighting till they win or die; there is no third course open to them. This command constitutes a great secret of success, besides being a sure source of self-discipline.
a
8:46; 47:5
540
穆斯林一定要苦战到底。他们要么成功, 要么成仁; 没有第三条路可走。
b
8:46; 47:5.
1105
Important Words:
زحفا (advancing in force) is derived from زحف i.e. he walked, marched or went on foot little by little; he crept or crawled along; or he went leisurely or heavily; or he walked or moved with an effort; or he dragged himself along upon the ground. They say زحف العسکر meaning, the army moved heavily on account of its great numbers. زحف means, an army or military force marching slowly or heavily by reason of their multitude; a numerous army (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
The word زحفا (advancing in force) qualifies and refers to the believers and not the disbelievers, as supposed by some commentators. The following verse, as well as the wording of the present one, makes the reference positively clear.
When a Muslim army (not a small detachment) meets the enemy, they are strictly forbidden to flee from the field of battle. They must fight and go on fighting till they win or die; there is no third course open to them. This command constitutes a great secret of success, besides being a sure source of self-discipline.
b
8:46; 47:5
1105
The Muslims must fight to the bitter end. They must win or die; there is no third course open to them.
وَمَن يُوَلِّهِمْ يَوْمَئِذٍ دُبُرَهُۥٓ إِلَّا مُتَحَرِّفًا لِّقِتَالٍ أَوْ مُتَحَيِّزًا إِلَىٰ فِئَةٍ فَقَدْ بَآءَ بِغَضَبٍ مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَمَأْوَىٰهُ جَهَنَّمُ ۖ وَبِئْسَ ٱلْمَصِيرُ
这节经文规定和叙述穆斯林军队在对敌作战中可允许的明显退却或撤退: (a) 作为战略或战役调动, 当一支作战部队为了诱骗敌人或占领较好阵地而改变它的位置时; (b) 当一部分军队决定后撤去参加主力部队或其他穆斯林军队去发动对敌战斗时。
The verse defines and describes the circumstances in which an apparent retreat or withdrawal of a Muslim force against the enemy is permitted: (a) As war strategy or battle manoeuvre when a fighting force shifts its position to beguile the enemy or to occupy a better position; (b) when a part of the army decides to fall back to join the main body or another Muslim force before giving battle to the enemy.
Important Words:
متحیزا (turning) is derived from تحیز which is derived from حاز. They say حازہ i.e. he drew, collected or gathered it together. حاز الابل means, he drove the camels. تحیز or تحوز means, he or it writhed or twisted about and turned over and over; or he or it was restless, not remaining still on the ground; or he withdrew or retired to a distance; or he drew back. تحیز الیھم means, he turned or withdrew or retired or joined himself to them (company of men). تحیز also means, he turned aside or withdrew to his place or his proper place. حیز means, a place in which a thing is; the proper or natural place of a thing; the container or receptacle of anything (Lane).
فئة (company) is derived either from فاو i.e. he struck or smote or clove, or from فاء i.e. he returned, or he returned to a good state or condition. The word فئة means, a party, division or distinct body; or a company or congregated body of men; or a party or division of men; or a company of soldiers who fight in the rear of another party or company and to whom the latter has recourse in the case of fear or defeat; or a company of men who (in war) have recourse for aid, one to another (Lane).
Commentary:
The verse is important inasmuch as it defines and describes the circumstances in which an apparent retreat or withdrawal of a Muslim force against an enemy force is allowable. Such a retreat is allowed only on two distinct conditions: firstly, as a war strategy or a battle manoeuvre when a fighting force shifts its position not to fly but to hoodwink the enemy or to occupy a better position; secondly, when a force decides to fall back to join the main army or another Muslim force before giving battle to the enemy. No other retreat or withdrawal is allowed. Muslims must either win or die. Those who turn their backs incur the wrath of God and "Hell shall be their abode."
The words, and Hell shall be his abode, have a double significance: (1) that those who turn back from the battlefield, except in the circumstances stated above, shall be awarded the punishment of Hellfire in the Hereafter; (2) that although such runaways think that by turning back from the field of battle they will find security from danger, the truth is that they will thereby be running into the very jaws of fire, for such ignom-inious defeat will embolden the enemy against them and will open the doors of their persecution wider still.
A fight that begins with a single individual, (a Divine Messenger), arrayed against the entire forces of the world, cannot possibly allow at a later stage the retreat of a believing party against a disbelieving host on the basis of disparity in numbers. Where true faith comes in, numbers do not and indeed cannot count. It must be a fight to the finish, for what does a believer await except one of the two good things—victory or martyrdom (9:52)?
541
这节经文规定和叙述穆斯林军队在对敌作战中可允许的明显退却或撤退: (a) 作为战略或战役调动, 当一支作战部队为了诱骗敌人或占领较好阵地而改变它的位置时; (b) 当一部分军队决定后撤去参加主力部队或其他穆斯林军队去发动对敌战斗时。
1106
Important Words:
متحیزا (turning) is derived from تحیز which is derived from حاز. They say حازہ i.e. he drew, collected or gathered it together. حاز الابل means, he drove the camels. تحیز or تحوز means, he or it writhed or twisted about and turned over and over; or he or it was restless, not remaining still on the ground; or he withdrew or retired to a distance; or he drew back. تحیز الیھم means, he turned or withdrew or retired or joined himself to them (company of men). تحیز also means, he turned aside or withdrew to his place or his proper place. حیز means, a place in which a thing is; the proper or natural place of a thing; the container or receptacle of anything (Lane).
فئة (company) is derived either from فاو i.e. he struck or smote or clove, or from فاء i.e. he returned, or he returned to a good state or condition. The word فئة means, a party, division or distinct body; or a company or congregated body of men; or a party or division of men; or a company of soldiers who fight in the rear of another party or company and to whom the latter has recourse in the case of fear or defeat; or a company of men who (in war) have recourse for aid, one to another (Lane).
Commentary:
The verse is important inasmuch as it defines and describes the circumstances in which an apparent retreat or withdrawal of a Muslim force against an enemy force is allowable. Such a retreat is allowed only on two distinct conditions: firstly, as a war strategy or a battle manoeuvre when a fighting force shifts its position not to fly but to hoodwink the enemy or to occupy a better position; secondly, when a force decides to fall back to join the main army or another Muslim force before giving battle to the enemy. No other retreat or withdrawal is allowed. Muslims must either win or die. Those who turn their backs incur the wrath of God and "Hell shall be their abode."
The words, and Hell shall be his abode, have a double significance: (1) that those who turn back from the battlefield, except in the circumstances stated above, shall be awarded the punishment of Hellfire in the Hereafter; (2) that although such runaways think that by turning back from the field of battle they will find security from danger, the truth is that they will thereby be running into the very jaws of fire, for such ignom-inious defeat will embolden the enemy against them and will open the doors of their persecution wider still.
A fight that begins with a single individual, (a Divine Messenger), arrayed against the entire forces of the world, cannot possibly allow at a later stage the retreat of a believing party against a disbelieving host on the basis of disparity in numbers. Where true faith comes in, numbers do not and indeed cannot count. It must be a fight to the finish, for what does a believer await except one of the two good things—victory or martyrdom (9:52)?
1106
The verse defines and describes the circumstances in which an apparent retreat or withdrawal of a Muslim force against the enemy is permitted: (a) As war strategy or battle manoeuvre when a fighting force shifts its position to beguile the enemy or to occupy a better position; (b) when a part of the army decides to fall back to join the main body or another Muslim force before giving battle to the enemy.
فَإِمَّا تَثْقَفَنَّهُمْ فِى ٱلْحَرْبِ فَشَرِّدْ بِهِم مَّنْ خَلْفَهُمْ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ
یعنی ایسی ہوشیاری اور ایمان سے جنگ کرکہ دور دور کے کفار ڈر جائیں اور کوئی آگے آنے کی جرأت نہ کرے۔
The believers are enjoined never to take up arms without a valid cause. But once they do, they should fight so valiantly and deal such deadly blows as should strike terror in the hearts of their enemies. A feebly pursued and lingering war is never a wise policy. If there is to be fighting it should be swift and deadly.
Important Words:
شرد (strike fear) is derived from شرد (sharada) which means, he (a horse, etc.) took fright and fled or ran away at random; or simply he fled or ran away. شردہ or شرد به (sharrada) means, he made him take fright and flee or run away at random; or he drove him away. تشرید also signifies the act of dispersing or scattering. شردبه also means, he rendered him notorious by exposing his vices or faults. شرد به من خلفھم means, disperse or scatter by them or through them those who are or who shall come after them; or terrify by or through them those who are, or who shall come after them; or make them notorious to those who are, or who shall come, after them (Taj).
Commentary:
The Quran uses the word تثقفنھم (for which see 2:192) meaning thou catchest them with a view to pointing to the fact that when a disbeliever meets a believer on a field of battle, the former is, as it were, in the very grip of the latter. Thus when believers have to fight, they are expected to fight like valiant men and the enemy who opposes them should be considered as having come within their grasp and should not be able to escape from their hands. The expression تشرید (striking fear) has also been used to point to the same truth. A believer is always slow to take up arms; but when he does so, he fights so valiantly that he not only takes the enemy in his iron grip but deals such blows to him as may strike terror in the hearts of those that are behind the enemy, as well as those that may come after him. A feebly-pursued and lingering war is never a good policy. If there is to be a war, it should be swift and exemplary. This is why the verse enjoins that, when forced to fight, Muslims should fight the enemy so valiantly that not only those who are actually engaged in fighting should be routed, but even their supporters who are behind them, should be struck with terror. In fact, Islam not only requires its followers to excel others in things moral and spiritual, but also expects them to surpass others even in the physical sphere. They have to set the highest example in all matters. If they must fight, they should excel others in fighting as well.
2
یعنی ایسی ہوشیاری اور ایمان سے جنگ کرکہ دور دور کے کفار ڈر جائیں اور کوئی آگے آنے کی جرأت نہ کرے۔
1145
Important Words:
شرد (strike fear) is derived from شرد (sharada) which means, he (a horse, etc.) took fright and fled or ran away at random; or simply he fled or ran away. شردہ or شرد به (sharrada) means, he made him take fright and flee or run away at random; or he drove him away. تشرید also signifies the act of dispersing or scattering. شردبه also means, he rendered him notorious by exposing his vices or faults. شرد به من خلفھم means, disperse or scatter by them or through them those who are or who shall come after them; or terrify by or through them those who are, or who shall come after them; or make them notorious to those who are, or who shall come, after them (Taj).
Commentary:
The Quran uses the word تثقفنھم (for which see 2:192) meaning thou catchest them with a view to pointing to the fact that when a disbeliever meets a believer on a field of battle, the former is, as it were, in the very grip of the latter. Thus when believers have to fight, they are expected to fight like valiant men and the enemy who opposes them should be considered as having come within their grasp and should not be able to escape from their hands. The expression تشرید (striking fear) has also been used to point to the same truth. A believer is always slow to take up arms; but when he does so, he fights so valiantly that he not only takes the enemy in his iron grip but deals such blows to him as may strike terror in the hearts of those that are behind the enemy, as well as those that may come after him. A feebly-pursued and lingering war is never a good policy. If there is to be a war, it should be swift and exemplary. This is why the verse enjoins that, when forced to fight, Muslims should fight the enemy so valiantly that not only those who are actually engaged in fighting should be routed, but even their supporters who are behind them, should be struck with terror. In fact, Islam not only requires its followers to excel others in things moral and spiritual, but also expects them to surpass others even in the physical sphere. They have to set the highest example in all matters. If they must fight, they should excel others in fighting as well.
1135
The believers are enjoined never to take up arms without a valid cause. But once they do, they should fight so valiantly and deal such deadly blows as should strike terror in the hearts of their enemies. A feebly pursued and lingering war is never a wise policy. If there is to be fighting it should be swift and deadly.
وَأَعِدُّوا۟ لَهُم مَّا ٱسْتَطَعْتُم مِّن قُوَّةٍ وَمِن رِّبَاطِ ٱلْخَيْلِ تُرْهِبُونَ بِهِۦ عَدُوَّ ٱللَّهِ وَعَدُوَّكُمْ وَءَاخَرِينَ مِن دُونِهِمْ لَا تَعْلَمُونَهُمُ ٱللَّهُ يَعْلَمُهُمْ ۚ وَمَا تُنفِقُوا۟ مِن شَىْءٍ فِى سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ يُوَفَّ إِلَيْكُمْ وَأَنتُمْ لَا تُظْلَمُونَ
اس میں قیصر و کسریٰ کے لشکروں کی طرف اشارہ ہے اور بتایا گیا ہے کہ تمہارا کام صرف عرب کے قبائل کو نصیحت دینا نہیں بلکہ قیصر و کسریٰ کے لشکروں سے بھی تمہارا مقابلہ ہوگا۔ ان کے دلوں پر بھی رعب قائم کرنا چاہیے۔
2:273; 9:121; 64:18; 65:8.
3:201.
Quwwah signifies all the forces at the command of Muslims, including all sorts of implements of war, etc.
For Ribat see {554}, {555}.
The verse tells Muslims that efficient preparation is the best means of preventing war and enjoins them that they should not only keep sufficient force inside the country but should also station adequate troops on the frontiers and should conduct themselves with such wisdom, faith and energy that the enemy in areas far away from the site of fighting should be so impressed as to give up all idea of fighting them. The verse also points to the necessity of spending freely in war. It seems to contain also a warning and a prophecy for believers. The prophecy is that the pagan Arabs are not their only enemies. There are other people who would attack them in the near future. The prophecy referred to the Byzantine and the Persian Empires with whom Muslims had to fight soon after the death of the Holy Prophet.
3:201.
2:273; 9:121; 64:18; 65:8.
Important Words:
رباط الخیل (mounted pickets at the frontier). For رباط see 3:201. خیل is derived from خال i.e. he thought or fancied. اختال means, he was proud and haughty. خیل means, horses collectively, so called because of the pride and conceit in their gait; also horsemen (Lane).
Commentary:
This verse teaches Muslims that efficient preparation is the best means of preventing war. It teaches them that they should not only keep a sufficient fighting force in the country but also an adequate number of troops on the frontier so that the enemy might refrain from attack, thus enabling the Faithful to live in peace. The verse also points to the necessity of spending freely in war.
It is worthy of note that the verse does not simply say "your enemy" but the enemy of Allah and your enemy, thus hinting that disbelievers had become hostile to Muslims for the sole reason that the latter had accepted Islam, the religion of God. These words throw interesting light on the causes of early Islamic wars.
The verse further informs Muslims that the pagan Arabs were not the only enemies of Islam. There were other nations also which would attack Muslims in the future, as the Arabs had already done. So Muslims were told to keep their frontiers strong and well-protected and to spend freely in the cause of Allah. This prophecy referred to the Greeks and the Persians with whom Muslims came in contact soon after the death of the Holy Prophet.
a
3:201.
b
2:273; 9:121; 64:18; 65:8.
1
اس میں قیصر و کسریٰ کے لشکروں کی طرف اشارہ ہے اور بتایا گیا ہے کہ تمہارا کام صرف عرب کے قبائل کو نصیحت دینا نہیں بلکہ قیصر و کسریٰ کے لشکروں سے بھی تمہارا مقابلہ ہوگا۔ ان کے دلوں پر بھی رعب قائم کرنا چاہیے۔
a
3:201.
b
2:273; 9:121; 64:18; 65:8.
1148
Important Words:
رباط الخیل (mounted pickets at the frontier). For رباط see 3:201. خیل is derived from خال i.e. he thought or fancied. اختال means, he was proud and haughty. خیل means, horses collectively, so called because of the pride and conceit in their gait; also horsemen (Lane).
Commentary:
This verse teaches Muslims that efficient preparation is the best means of preventing war. It teaches them that they should not only keep a sufficient fighting force in the country but also an adequate number of troops on the frontier so that the enemy might refrain from attack, thus enabling the Faithful to live in peace. The verse also points to the necessity of spending freely in war.
It is worthy of note that the verse does not simply say "your enemy" but the enemy of Allah and your enemy, thus hinting that disbelievers had become hostile to Muslims for the sole reason that the latter had accepted Islam, the religion of God. These words throw interesting light on the causes of early Islamic wars.
The verse further informs Muslims that the pagan Arabs were not the only enemies of Islam. There were other nations also which would attack Muslims in the future, as the Arabs had already done. So Muslims were told to keep their frontiers strong and well-protected and to spend freely in the cause of Allah. This prophecy referred to the Greeks and the Persians with whom Muslims came in contact soon after the death of the Holy Prophet.
a
2:273; 9:121; 64:18; 65:8.
c
3:201.
1137
Quwwah signifies all the forces at the command of Muslims, including all sorts of implements of war, etc.
1138
For Ribat see {554}, {555}.
1139
The verse tells Muslims that efficient preparation is the best means of preventing war and enjoins them that they should not only keep sufficient force inside the country but should also station adequate troops on the frontiers and should conduct themselves with such wisdom, faith and energy that the enemy in areas far away from the site of fighting should be so impressed as to give up all idea of fighting them. The verse also points to the necessity of spending freely in war. It seems to contain also a warning and a prophecy for believers. The prophecy is that the pagan Arabs are not their only enemies. There are other people who would attack them in the near future. The prophecy referred to the Byzantine and the Persian Empires with whom Muslims had to fight soon after the death of the Holy Prophet.
يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلنَّبِىُّ حَرِّضِ ٱلْمُؤْمِنِينَ عَلَى ٱلْقِتَالِ ۚ إِن يَكُن مِّنكُمْ عِشْرُونَ صَٰبِرُونَ يَغْلِبُوا۟ مِا۟ئَتَيْنِ ۚ وَإِن يَكُن مِّنكُم مِّا۟ئَةٌ يَغْلِبُوٓا۟ أَلْفًا مِّنَ ٱلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا۟ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ
4:85.
حَرِّضْ چونکہ باب تفعیل سے امر کا صیغہ ہے جو حَرَضَ سے زیادہ شدت کا پہلو اپنے اندر رکھتا ہے اس لئے حَرِّض کا ترجمہ ’’باربار زور سے تحریک کرتا رہ‘‘ کیا گیا ہے۔
فرماتا ہے کہ مومن دس گُنا کافروں پر غالب آئیں گے کیونکہ اس وقت تک ان کا ایمان بڑھ چکا ہوگا اور خداتعالیٰ کے وعدے بھی پورے ہو چکے ہوں گے۔ لیکن یہ بعد میں ہوگا سردست ان کے ایمان اور اللہ تعالیٰ کے وعدوں کے مدنظر ان کو دُگنے دشمنوں پر غلبہ ملے گا۔
4:85.
The verse seems to give 20 as the minimum number that makes a fighting party.
Because they are mercenaries, and do not realize the righteousness of the cause they fight for, they feel no real interest for it. Or the meaning may be that they have no higher ideals which they seek to pursue and serve.
4:85.
Commentary:
As disbelievers were not going to desist from fighting, as they were invited to do (8:23 & 8:39 above), but were determined to carry on war of aggression against Islam, therefore the Holy Prophet has been asked in this verse to urge Muslims also to fight in self-defence.
The verse promises victory to Muslims over an enemy ten times their number because they are a people who do not understand. Fighters should understand the purpose of their fighting. They should look upon the war, they are engaged in, as their own. They should know the advantage which will accrue to their community if they win, and they should also know the losses which they will have to suffer if they are defeated. Mere hirelings, or men, who are blindly led to war by their leaders but who do not understand its object and feel no personal interest in it, cannot win. The forces that fought against Islam were mostly composed of men, who took part in the war merely because they were called upon to do so by their mischievous leaders-the wicked and avowed enemies of Islam. They felt no personal interest in the war against the new religion.
Religiously speaking also, they were a people who did not "understand", whereas Muslims did understand what faith meant. They were moved by love for their God, their Prophet and their religion. Disbelievers, on the other hand, were not as devoted to their idols as the Faithful were to their God in Whom they had a living faith.
The verse gives the number twenty as the minimum number for Muslims to win sure victory over their enemy because that was the least number that made a regular fighting party. If the number of men was less than twenty, it was not to be regarded as a fighting force and the laws relating to war did not apply to them.
Thus, a party of twenty persons, the minimum comprising a fighting unit, was bound to fight if they met an enemy as many as ten times their strength, and they were forbidden to flee. The question of retiring before the enemy is not to be decided by the men but by their officers, who may act as they may think best in the interest of war. See also 8:16.
a
4:85.
1
حَرِّضْ چونکہ باب تفعیل سے امر کا صیغہ ہے جو حَرَضَ سے زیادہ شدت کا پہلو اپنے اندر رکھتا ہے اس لئے حَرِّض کا ترجمہ ’’باربار زور سے تحریک کرتا رہ‘‘ کیا گیا ہے۔
2
فرماتا ہے کہ مومن دس گُنا کافروں پر غالب آئیں گے کیونکہ اس وقت تک ان کا ایمان بڑھ چکا ہوگا اور خداتعالیٰ کے وعدے بھی پورے ہو چکے ہوں گے۔ لیکن یہ بعد میں ہوگا سردست ان کے ایمان اور اللہ تعالیٰ کے وعدوں کے مدنظر ان کو دُگنے دشمنوں پر غلبہ ملے گا۔
a
4:85.
1153
Commentary:
As disbelievers were not going to desist from fighting, as they were invited to do (8:23 & 8:39 above), but were determined to carry on war of aggression against Islam, therefore the Holy Prophet has been asked in this verse to urge Muslims also to fight in self-defence.
The verse promises victory to Muslims over an enemy ten times their number because they are a people who do not understand. Fighters should understand the purpose of their fighting. They should look upon the war, they are engaged in, as their own. They should know the advantage which will accrue to their community if they win, and they should also know the losses which they will have to suffer if they are defeated. Mere hirelings, or men, who are blindly led to war by their leaders but who do not understand its object and feel no personal interest in it, cannot win. The forces that fought against Islam were mostly composed of men, who took part in the war merely because they were called upon to do so by their mischievous leaders-the wicked and avowed enemies of Islam. They felt no personal interest in the war against the new religion.
Religiously speaking also, they were a people who did not "understand", whereas Muslims did understand what faith meant. They were moved by love for their God, their Prophet and their religion. Disbelievers, on the other hand, were not as devoted to their idols as the Faithful were to their God in Whom they had a living faith.
The verse gives the number twenty as the minimum number for Muslims to win sure victory over their enemy because that was the least number that made a regular fighting party. If the number of men was less than twenty, it was not to be regarded as a fighting force and the laws relating to war did not apply to them.
Thus, a party of twenty persons, the minimum comprising a fighting unit, was bound to fight if they met an enemy as many as ten times their strength, and they were forbidden to flee. The question of retiring before the enemy is not to be decided by the men but by their officers, who may act as they may think best in the interest of war. See also 8:16.
b
4:85.
1141
The verse seems to give 20 as the minimum number that makes a fighting party.
1142
Because they are mercenaries, and do not realize the righteousness of the cause they fight for, they feel no real interest for it. Or the meaning may be that they have no higher ideals which they seek to pursue and serve.
قُلْ هَلْ تَرَبَّصُونَ بِنَآ إِلَّآ إِحْدَى ٱلْحُسْنَيَيْنِ ۖ وَنَحْنُ نَتَرَبَّصُ بِكُمْ أَن يُصِيبَكُمُ ٱللَّهُ بِعَذَابٍ مِّنْ عِندِهِۦٓ أَوْ بِأَيْدِينَا ۖ فَتَرَبَّصُوٓا۟ إِنَّا مَعَكُم مُّتَرَبِّصُونَ
一个真正的穆斯林或者成仁 (战死), 或者成功 (赢得胜利)。他没有其他选择。
یعنی یا یہ امید رکھتے ہو کہ ہم مارے جائیں گے جو ہمارے لئے شہادت یا عزت کا موجب ہے یا پھر جنگ کا دوسرا نتیجہ فتح ہے۔ وہ بھی ہمارے لئے مبارک ہے۔
A true Muslim either dies fighting or wins victory. There is no other alternative left to him.
Commentary:
The "two good things" referred to in this verse are martyrdom and victory. Only one of these two things can fall to the lot of believers in a war. Either they win and triumph or they die on the battlefield and become martyrs. Hence, the evil desires which the disbelievers and hypocrites entertained concerning the Muslims could never be fulfilled. The verse thus purports to say that true believers can never suffer a defeat; they either die fighting and thus win martyrdom or they return victorious from the field of battle.
570
一个真正的穆斯林或者成仁 (战死), 或者成功 (赢得胜利)。他没有其他选择。
3
یعنی یا یہ امید رکھتے ہو کہ ہم مارے جائیں گے جو ہمارے لئے شہادت یا عزت کا موجب ہے یا پھر جنگ کا دوسرا نتیجہ فتح ہے۔ وہ بھی ہمارے لئے مبارک ہے۔
1208
Commentary:
The "two good things" referred to in this verse are martyrdom and victory. Only one of these two things can fall to the lot of believers in a war. Either they win and triumph or they die on the battlefield and become martyrs. Hence, the evil desires which the disbelievers and hypocrites entertained concerning the Muslims could never be fulfilled. The verse thus purports to say that true believers can never suffer a defeat; they either die fighting and thus win martyrdom or they return victorious from the field of battle.
1190
A true Muslim either dies fighting or wins victory. There is no other alternative left to him.
قُل لِّلْمُخَلَّفِينَ مِنَ ٱلْأَعْرَابِ سَتُدْعَوْنَ إِلَىٰ قَوْمٍ أُو۟لِى بَأْسٍ شَدِيدٍ تُقَٰتِلُونَهُمْ أَوْ يُسْلِمُونَ ۖ فَإِن تُطِيعُوا۟ يُؤْتِكُمُ ٱللَّهُ أَجْرًا حَسَنًا ۖ وَإِن تَتَوَلَّوْا۟ كَمَا تَوَلَّيْتُم مِّن قَبْلُ يُعَذِّبْكُمْ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا
اس آیت میں کسریٰ اور قیصر کے ساتھ کی جنگوں کا ذکر ہے۔ منافقوں سے کہا گیا ہے کہ اگر ان کے ساتھ جنگوں میں ہمت دکھاؤ گے تو قصور معاف ہو جائے گا‘ ورنہ خداتعالیٰ کا عذاب تمہیں ملے گا۔
حضرت عمر رضی اللہ عنہ کے زمانہ میں کچھ عرب رؤساء کے لڑکے آپ کے پاس آئے اور کہا ہم چاہتے ہیں کہ ہمارے باپ دادوں کے اعمال ہمارے راستہ میں حائل نہ ہوں۔ آپ ہمارے خاندانوں کو جانتے ہیں کوئی ایسی تدبیر بتائیں کہ یہ پچھلا داغ مٹ جائے۔ اس وقت حضرت عمر رضی اللہ عنہ کی آنکھوں میں آنسو آگئے اور بول نہ سکے۔ ہاتھ سے شام کی طرف اشارہ کیا اور اشارۃً بتایا کہ اگر وہاں چلے جاؤ تو شاید کفارہ ہو جائے۔ چنانچ
اس میں اشارہ ہے کہ وہ جنگیں بہت عرصہ تک لمبی چلی جائیں گی۔
یہ حکم نہیں کہ مسلمان ہونے تک ان سے لڑو بلکہ مستقبل کا صیغہ ہے اور واقعہ بتایا ہے کہ وہ دشمن جب تک مسلمان نہ ہوں گے تم سے لڑتے جائیں گے۔ چنانچہ روم اور فارس نے ایسا ہی کیا۔
The words, 'a people of mighty valour,' may refer to the mighty forces of the Byzantine and Iranian Empires which were far superior in material means and numbers than any other enemy the Muslims had met so far. The verse constituted a warning that the Muslims would come into conflict with those mighty foes and would have to wage prolonged wars with them till the latter would be completely defeated and brought to their knees. The laggards are here told that though they cannot be allowed to march against the Jews of Khaibar and partake of the booty, yet in the near future they would be called upon to fight against a much more powerful enemy and that, if they then responded to the call, they would receive a good reward. The verse also signifies that wars with the Byzantine and Iranian Empires would be fierce and long.
Commentary:
The words "a people of mighty valour," may refer to the mighty forces of the Byzantine and Iranian Empires which were far superior in means, material and numbers than any other enemy the Muslims had met so far. The verse constituted a warning that the Muslims would come into conflict with those mighty foes and would have to wage prolonged wars with them till the latter were broken and brought to their knees. The laggards are thus told that though they cannot be allowed to march against the Jews of Khaibar and partake of the booty, yet in the near future they would be called upon to fight against a much more powerful foe and, if they then responded to the call, they would receive a good reward. The verse also signifies that wars with the Byzantine and Iranian Empires would be fierce and long.
2
اس آیت میں کسریٰ اور قیصر کے ساتھ کی جنگوں کا ذکر ہے۔ منافقوں سے کہا گیا ہے کہ اگر ان کے ساتھ جنگوں میں ہمت دکھاؤ گے تو قصور معاف ہو جائے گا‘ ورنہ خداتعالیٰ کا عذاب تمہیں ملے گا۔
حضرت عمر رضی اللہ عنہ کے زمانہ میں کچھ عرب رؤساء کے لڑکے آپ کے پاس آئے اور کہا ہم چاہتے ہیں کہ ہمارے باپ دادوں کے اعمال ہمارے راستہ میں حائل نہ ہوں۔ آپ ہمارے خاندانوں کو جانتے ہیں کوئی ایسی تدبیر بتائیں کہ یہ پچھلا داغ مٹ جائے۔ اس وقت حضرت عمر رضی اللہ عنہ کی آنکھوں میں آنسو آگئے اور بول نہ سکے۔ ہاتھ سے شام کی طرف اشارہ کیا اور اشارۃً بتایا کہ اگر وہاں چلے جاؤ تو شاید کفارہ ہو جائے۔ چنانچ
3
اس میں اشارہ ہے کہ وہ جنگیں بہت عرصہ تک لمبی چلی جائیں گی۔
4
یہ حکم نہیں کہ مسلمان ہونے تک ان سے لڑو بلکہ مستقبل کا صیغہ ہے اور واقعہ بتایا ہے کہ وہ دشمن جب تک مسلمان نہ ہوں گے تم سے لڑتے جائیں گے۔ چنانچہ روم اور فارس نے ایسا ہی کیا۔
3827
Commentary:
The words "a people of mighty valour," may refer to the mighty forces of the Byzantine and Iranian Empires which were far superior in means, material and numbers than any other enemy the Muslims had met so far. The verse constituted a warning that the Muslims would come into conflict with those mighty foes and would have to wage prolonged wars with them till the latter were broken and brought to their knees. The laggards are thus told that though they cannot be allowed to march against the Jews of Khaibar and partake of the booty, yet in the near future they would be called upon to fight against a much more powerful foe and, if they then responded to the call, they would receive a good reward. The verse also signifies that wars with the Byzantine and Iranian Empires would be fierce and long.
2773
The words, 'a people of mighty valour,' may refer to the mighty forces of the Byzantine and Iranian Empires which were far superior in material means and numbers than any other enemy the Muslims had met so far. The verse constituted a warning that the Muslims would come into conflict with those mighty foes and would have to wage prolonged wars with them till the latter would be completely defeated and brought to their knees. The laggards are here told that though they cannot be allowed to march against the Jews of Khaibar and partake of the booty, yet in the near future they would be called upon to fight against a much more powerful enemy and that, if they then responded to the call, they would receive a good reward. The verse also signifies that wars with the Byzantine and Iranian Empires would be fierce and long.
لَّيْسَ عَلَى ٱلْأَعْمَىٰ حَرَجٌ وَلَا عَلَى ٱلْأَعْرَجِ حَرَجٌ وَلَا عَلَى ٱلْمَرِيضِ حَرَجٌ ۗ وَمَن يُطِعِ ٱللَّهَ وَرَسُولَهُۥ يُدْخِلْهُ جَنَّٰتٍ تَجْرِى مِن تَحْتِهَا ٱلْأَنْهَٰرُ ۖ وَمَن يَتَوَلَّ يُعَذِّبْهُ عَذَابًا أَلِيمًا
9:91.
4:14; 24:53; 33:72.
9:91.
4:14; 24:53; 33:72.
Commentary:
The disbelievers have repeatedly been threatened with "a grievous and burning punishment" in the Surah. This is to warn them that the terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah over which they and their fellows had gloated, would prove for them an abiding source of ignominious heart-burning.
a
9:91.
b
4:14; 24:53; 33:72.
a
9:91.
b
4:14; 24:53; 33:72.
3827A
Commentary:
The disbelievers have repeatedly been threatened with "a grievous and burning punishment" in the Surah. This is to warn them that the terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah over which they and their fellows had gloated, would prove for them an abiding source of ignominious heart-burning.
a
9:91.
b
4:14; 24:53; 33:72.
إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ يُحِبُّ ٱلَّذِينَ يُقَٰتِلُونَ فِى سَبِيلِهِۦ صَفًّا كَأَنَّهُم بُنْيَٰنٌ مَّرْصُوصٌ
穆斯林在他们彻底而无条件服从领导的指挥下, 可望建立一个坚定而牢固的阵线来抵御邪恶势力。但一个试图团结成一个强大而坚固的社会的民族, 必须具有一套生活规则、一个理想、一个目的、一个方针、一个计划以达到那个目的。
Muslims are expected to present a firm, compact and solid front to the forces of evil, under the command of their Leader whom they should give full and unqualified obedience. But a people who seek to become united into a solid and strong community, must possess one code of life, one ideal, one objective and one goal and one programme to achieve that objective.
9:111.
Important Words:
مرصوص (strong). They say رص البناء i.e. he made the building firm and compact, or he made it firm and strong; he joined it together; he stuck it together, one part to another, so that there might be no interstice in it; he plastered it with lead. تراصواmeans, they placed themselves close together in prayer or in battle so that there was no intervening space among them. بئر مرصوصة means, a well cased with lead (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
Muslims are expected to present a firm, compact and united front to the forces of evil under the command of their leader whom they should give full and unqualified obedience. But for a people to become united into a solid and strong community, they must possess one code of life, one ideal, one objective and destination and one programme to achieve that objective.
1418
穆斯林在他们彻底而无条件服从领导的指挥下, 可望建立一个坚定而牢固的阵线来抵御邪恶势力。但一个试图团结成一个强大而坚固的社会的民族, 必须具有一套生活规则、一个理想、一个目的、一个方针、一个计划以达到那个目的。
c
9:111.
4224
Important Words:
مرصوص (strong). They say رص البناء i.e. he made the building firm and compact, or he made it firm and strong; he joined it together; he stuck it together, one part to another, so that there might be no interstice in it; he plastered it with lead. تراصواmeans, they placed themselves close together in prayer or in battle so that there was no intervening space among them. بئر مرصوصة means, a well cased with lead (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
Muslims are expected to present a firm, compact and united front to the forces of evil under the command of their leader whom they should give full and unqualified obedience. But for a people to become united into a solid and strong community, they must possess one code of life, one ideal, one objective and destination and one programme to achieve that objective.
3035
Muslims are expected to present a firm, compact and solid front to the forces of evil, under the command of their Leader whom they should give full and unqualified obedience. But a people who seek to become united into a solid and strong community, must possess one code of life, one ideal, one objective and one goal and one programme to achieve that objective.
وَٱلْعَٰدِيَٰتِ ضَبْحًا
安拉多么喜爱那些跟邪恶势力进行无情战斗的人啊! 他竟以他们, 甚至以他们的战马作证。عٰدِيٰت (‘Adiyat) 这个词的意思既是指成群的战士, 也指他们的战马。这节经文充份的说明了穆圣的伙伴们在安拉的正道上战斗并献出生命的热情。这节经文说, 他们走上战场, 精神愉快, 热情洋溢, 在安拉的正道上, 不获胜, 毋宁死。这里还令人赞叹地提到, 他们的战马行动神速, 他们的袭击出其不意。这节经文是穆斯林在麦加没有战马的时候启示的。在白德尔战役中, 穆斯林部队只有两匹战马, 一匹是属于米克达德 (مِقْدَاد, Miqdad) 的, 一匹是属于朱贝尔 (زُبَيْر, Zubair) 的。这节经文事实上含有一个穆斯林不久将得到战马的预言。عٰدِيٰت (‘Adiyat), مُوْرِيٰت (Muriyat), مُغِيْرٰت (Mughirat) 这三个词, 不同的学者有不同的解释。根据伊本•阿巴斯的观点, 它们是指在朝觐时的马, 但根据 رُوْحُ الْمَعَانِی (Ruhul-Ma‘ani) 的作者, 这里指的是穆斯林战士的战马。然而有些富有神秘倾向的作者认为这些是描写精神旅人的, 他们在他们的精神旅途上迅速地去会见他们的养主和主宰。
اس آیت میں اسلام کی صداقت کے ثبوت میں صحابہؓ کو پیش کیا ہے گو الفاظ گھوڑوں کے مناسب حال رکھے ہیں مگر چونکہ گھوڑا خودنہیں چلتا بلکہ اس کو سوار چلاتا ہے اس لئے اس سے مراد گھوڑوں پر چڑھنے والی جماعتیں ہیں یعنی صحابہؓ جو جہاد کرتے تھے۔
How dear to God must be those fighters who wage relentless war against the forces of evil that He has sworn by them or even by their horses, the word ‘Adiyat meaning, both the companies of warriors and their chargers. The verse speaks volumes for the zeal and enthusiasm of the Companions of the Holy Prophet to fight and lay down their lives in the way of God. It says that they march on to the field of battle with extreme delight and zeal to score a victory or be killed in the way of Allah; and also refers admiringly to the swiftness of the movement of their chargers and the suddenness of their assault. It was revealed at Mecca at a time when Muslims had no horses. In the Battle of Badr, there were only two horses with the Muslim army, one belonging to Miqdad and the other to Zubair. The verse, in fact, constituted a prophecy that soon the Muslims will possess horses. The three words, ‘Adiyat, Muriyat, Mughirat, have been differently interpreted by different scholars. Accordi
Important Words:
العادیات (the chargers) is the plural of عادیة which is fem. act. part. from عدا which means, he ran vehemently.
عدا علیه means, he attacked or assaulted him. عادیات means, companies of warriors; horses or chargers of the warriors (Lane & Aqrab).
ضبحاً (snorting) is derived from ضبح which means, he or it uttered a sound or cry. They say ضبحت الخیل فی العدو i.e. the horses breathed pantingly or hard with a sound from the chest when running fast, or breathed hard or laboriously when running a race and fatigued; they snorted. ضبح (dabhun) is a kind of race of the animals, particularly of the horses; the sound coming out of the chest of a horse when it runs fast and breathes laboriously; running of the horse with long strides. (Lane & Mufradat).
Commentary:
How dear to God must be those fighters who wage relentless war against the forces of evil that He has sworn by them or even by their horses. The verse speaks volumes for the zeal and enthusiasm of the Companions of the Holy Prophet to fight and give up their lives in the way of God. It says that they march to the field of battle with extreme delight and zeal to score a victory or be killed in the way of Allah and thus obtain His pleasure which is their most coveted goal in life. The verse also refers admiringly to the swiftness of movement of their chargers and the suddenness of their assault.
The verse was revealed in Mecca at a time when Muslims had no horses. In the Battle of Badr, there were only two horses with the Muslim army, one belonging to Miqdad and the other to Zubair. The verse, in fact, constituted a prophecy that soon the Muslims will have horses. It also was a command to them to have cavalry along with infantry.
1761
安拉多么喜爱那些跟邪恶势力进行无情战斗的人啊! 他竟以他们, 甚至以他们的战马作证。عٰدِيٰت (‘Adiyat) 这个词的意思既是指成群的战士, 也指他们的战马。这节经文充份的说明了穆圣的伙伴们在安拉的正道上战斗并献出生命的热情。这节经文说, 他们走上战场, 精神愉快, 热情洋溢, 在安拉的正道上, 不获胜, 毋宁死。这里还令人赞叹地提到, 他们的战马行动神速, 他们的袭击出其不意。这节经文是穆斯林在麦加没有战马的时候启示的。在白德尔战役中, 穆斯林部队只有两匹战马, 一匹是属于米克达德 (مِقْدَاد, Miqdad) 的, 一匹是属于朱贝尔 (زُبَيْر, Zubair) 的。这节经文事实上含有一个穆斯林不久将得到战马的预言。عٰدِيٰت (‘Adiyat), مُوْرِيٰت (Muriyat), مُغِيْرٰت (Mughirat) 这三个词, 不同的学者有不同的解释。根据伊本•阿巴斯的观点, 它们是指在朝觐时的马, 但根据 رُوْحُ الْمَعَانِی (Ruhul-Ma‘ani) 的作者, 这里指的是穆斯林战士的战马。然而有些富有神秘倾向的作者认为这些是描写精神旅人的, 他们在他们的精神旅途上迅速地去会见他们的养主和主宰。
1
اس آیت میں اسلام کی صداقت کے ثبوت میں صحابہؓ کو پیش کیا ہے گو الفاظ گھوڑوں کے مناسب حال رکھے ہیں مگر چونکہ گھوڑا خودنہیں چلتا بلکہ اس کو سوار چلاتا ہے اس لئے اس سے مراد گھوڑوں پر چڑھنے والی جماعتیں ہیں یعنی صحابہؓ جو جہاد کرتے تھے۔
4811
Important Words:
العادیات (the chargers) is the plural of عادیة which is fem. act. part. from عدا which means, he ran vehemently.
عدا علیه means, he attacked or assaulted him. عادیات means, companies of warriors; horses or chargers of the warriors (Lane & Aqrab).
ضبحاً (snorting) is derived from ضبح which means, he or it uttered a sound or cry. They say ضبحت الخیل فی العدو i.e. the horses breathed pantingly or hard with a sound from the chest when running fast, or breathed hard or laboriously when running a race and fatigued; they snorted. ضبح (dabhun) is a kind of race of the animals, particularly of the horses; the sound coming out of the chest of a horse when it runs fast and breathes laboriously; running of the horse with long strides. (Lane & Mufradat).
Commentary:
How dear to God must be those fighters who wage relentless war against the forces of evil that He has sworn by them or even by their horses. The verse speaks volumes for the zeal and enthusiasm of the Companions of the Holy Prophet to fight and give up their lives in the way of God. It says that they march to the field of battle with extreme delight and zeal to score a victory or be killed in the way of Allah and thus obtain His pleasure which is their most coveted goal in life. The verse also refers admiringly to the swiftness of movement of their chargers and the suddenness of their assault.
The verse was revealed in Mecca at a time when Muslims had no horses. In the Battle of Badr, there were only two horses with the Muslim army, one belonging to Miqdad and the other to Zubair. The verse, in fact, constituted a prophecy that soon the Muslims will have horses. It also was a command to them to have cavalry along with infantry.
3410
How dear to God must be those fighters who wage relentless war against the forces of evil that He has sworn by them or even by their horses, the word ‘Adiyat meaning, both the companies of warriors and their chargers. The verse speaks volumes for the zeal and enthusiasm of the Companions of the Holy Prophet to fight and lay down their lives in the way of God. It says that they march on to the field of battle with extreme delight and zeal to score a victory or be killed in the way of Allah; and also refers admiringly to the swiftness of the movement of their chargers and the suddenness of their assault. It was revealed at Mecca at a time when Muslims had no horses. In the Battle of Badr, there were only two horses with the Muslim army, one belonging to Miqdad and the other to Zubair. The verse, in fact, constituted a prophecy that soon the Muslims will possess horses. The three words, ‘Adiyat, Muriyat, Mughirat, have been differently interpreted by different scholars. Accordi
فَٱلْمُورِيَٰتِ قَدْحًا
穆斯林战士的战马异常神速, 因此马蹄踢到地面时产生了火花。这里暗指穆斯林战士在安拉的正道上战斗的渴望和热情。
The chargers of Muslim warriors run so fast that they produce sparks of fire when they strike their hoofs against the ground. The allusion is to the eagerness and zeal of the Muslim warriors to fight in the way of God.
Important Words:
الموریات (striking) is fem. act. part. from أوری . They say أوری الزند i.e. he produced fire from the piece of wood called زند . قدح النار means, he struck or produced fire with a flint (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
The chargers of Muslim warriors run so fast that they produce sparks of fire when they strike their hoofs against the ground. The allusion in the verse is to the eagerness and zeal of the Muslim warriors to fight in the way of God.
1762
穆斯林战士的战马异常神速, 因此马蹄踢到地面时产生了火花。这里暗指穆斯林战士在安拉的正道上战斗的渴望和热情。
1
مرکب: سواریاں۔
2
اس آیت کی تشریح بھی وہی ہے جو آیت۲ کے نوٹ میں بیان کی گئی ہے۔
4812
Important Words:
الموریات (striking) is fem. act. part. from أوری . They say أوری الزند i.e. he produced fire from the piece of wood called زند . قدح النار means, he struck or produced fire with a flint (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
The chargers of Muslim warriors run so fast that they produce sparks of fire when they strike their hoofs against the ground. The allusion in the verse is to the eagerness and zeal of the Muslim warriors to fight in the way of God.
3411
The chargers of Muslim warriors run so fast that they produce sparks of fire when they strike their hoofs against the ground. The allusion is to the eagerness and zeal of the Muslim warriors to fight in the way of God.
فَٱلْمُغِيرَٰتِ صُبْحًا
勇敢的穆斯林战士并没有不正当地利用敌人的疏忽和不警惕, 对他们夜袭。他们在黎明和他们明枪明刀地交战, 他们是英勇而圣洁的战士。
اس آیت نے سارا راز ظاہر کر دیا ہے۔ کیونکہ اس جگہ پر صبح کے وقت حملہ کرنے کا ذکر ہے۔ اور ایسی احتیاط سے حملہ کرنا گھوڑے کا کام نہیں بلکہ سوار کا کام ہے پس ثابت ہو گیا کہ اس جگہ پر صحابہؓ کا ذکر ہے نہ کہ خالی سواریوں کا۔
The brave Muslim warriors do not take undue advantage of the neglect and unawareness of the enemy by attacking them at night. They attack them in the full glare of the dawn. They are brave and clean fighters.
Important Words:
المغیرات (making raids) is the plural of مغیرة which is fem. act. part. from أغار which is the transitive form of غار. They say غار فی الامر i.e. he remained deeply engaged into the affair. أغار means, he went far into the country. أغار الفرس means, the horse ran vehemently and was quick in sudden attack. أغار علی العدو means, he made a sudden raid upon the enemy. خیل مغیرة means, horses making a sudden attack upon the enemy. مغیرات means, companies that go far into the country; that make a swift and sudden attack upon the enemy (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
The verse mentions one more characteristic of the brave Muslim warriors. They do not take undue advantage of the neglect and unwariness of the enemy by attacking them at night. They attack them in the full glare of the dawn. The verse shows that Muslims are brave and clean fighters.
1763
勇敢的穆斯林战士并没有不正当地利用敌人的疏忽和不警惕, 对他们夜袭。他们在黎明和他们明枪明刀地交战, 他们是英勇而圣洁的战士。
3
اس آیت نے سارا راز ظاہر کر دیا ہے۔ کیونکہ اس جگہ پر صبح کے وقت حملہ کرنے کا ذکر ہے۔ اور ایسی احتیاط سے حملہ کرنا گھوڑے کا کام نہیں بلکہ سوار کا کام ہے پس ثابت ہو گیا کہ اس جگہ پر صحابہؓ کا ذکر ہے نہ کہ خالی سواریوں کا۔
4813
Important Words:
المغیرات (making raids) is the plural of مغیرة which is fem. act. part. from أغار which is the transitive form of غار. They say غار فی الامر i.e. he remained deeply engaged into the affair. أغار means, he went far into the country. أغار الفرس means, the horse ran vehemently and was quick in sudden attack. أغار علی العدو means, he made a sudden raid upon the enemy. خیل مغیرة means, horses making a sudden attack upon the enemy. مغیرات means, companies that go far into the country; that make a swift and sudden attack upon the enemy (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
The verse mentions one more characteristic of the brave Muslim warriors. They do not take undue advantage of the neglect and unwariness of the enemy by attacking them at night. They attack them in the full glare of the dawn. The verse shows that Muslims are brave and clean fighters.
3412
The brave Muslim warriors do not take undue advantage of the neglect and unawareness of the enemy by attacking them at night. They attack them in the full glare of the dawn. They are brave and clean fighters.
فَأَثَرْنَ بِهِۦ نَقْعًا
穆斯林军队的攻势凶猛, 锐不可挡, 由于他们战马奔驰扬起的尘土, 整个地平线变得一片黑暗。
یعنی جب وہ حملہ کرتے ہیں تو صرف سڑکوں پر سے ہی چنگاریاں نہیں نکلتیں بلکہ ایک ایسا شور پڑ جاتا ہے کہ جس گاؤں پر انہوں نے حملہ کیا ہوتا ہے اس کے لوگ گھبرا کر نکل آتے ہیں اور تمام جَوّ میں غبار اڑنے لگتا ہے۔
The assault of the Muslim forces is so fierce and overwhelming that the whole horizon becomes dark with the dust raised by the quick steps of their horses.
Important Words:
أثرن (raise) is transitive verb from ثار . They say ثار الغبار means, the dust became stirred up and spread upon the horizon. أثار الارض means, he tilled the ground. أثار الفتنة means, he stirred up the mischief (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
The assault of the Muslim forces is so fierce and overwhelming that the whole horizon becomes dark with the dust raised by the quick steps of their horses.
1764
穆斯林军队的攻势凶猛, 锐不可挡, 由于他们战马奔驰扬起的尘土, 整个地平线变得一片黑暗。
4
یعنی جب وہ حملہ کرتے ہیں تو صرف سڑکوں پر سے ہی چنگاریاں نہیں نکلتیں بلکہ ایک ایسا شور پڑ جاتا ہے کہ جس گاؤں پر انہوں نے حملہ کیا ہوتا ہے اس کے لوگ گھبرا کر نکل آتے ہیں اور تمام جَوّ میں غبار اڑنے لگتا ہے۔
4814
Important Words:
أثرن (raise) is transitive verb from ثار . They say ثار الغبار means, the dust became stirred up and spread upon the horizon. أثار الارض means, he tilled the ground. أثار الفتنة means, he stirred up the mischief (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
The assault of the Muslim forces is so fierce and overwhelming that the whole horizon becomes dark with the dust raised by the quick steps of their horses.
3413
The assault of the Muslim forces is so fierce and overwhelming that the whole horizon becomes dark with the dust raised by the quick steps of their horses.
فَوَسَطْنَ بِهِۦ جَمْعًا
穆斯林战士不侵袭个人或孤立无援的弱女子、儿童和老人; 他们万众一心攻击整个敌军, 直捣敌军的心脏。
یعنی یہ سواروں کی جماعت جو حملہ کرتی ہے اس قبیلہ کے لوگوں کودیکھ کر جن پر حملہ کیا گیا ہے ڈر نہیں جاتی بلکہ دلیری کے ساتھ ان کے اندر گھس جاتی ہے جس کے نتیجہ میں لڑائی دست بدست ہونے لگ جاتی ہے۔
Muslim warriors do not attack individuals or weak helpless women, children and old men; they attack in a body the whole enemy force and penetrate far into the heart of their ranks.
Commentary:
Muslim warriors do not attack single individuals or weak helpless women, children or old men, but they attack in a body the whole enemy force and penetrate far into the heart of their ranks.
The reference in these verses (2-6) may also be to those God-intoxicated spiritual wayfarers who constantly and relentlessly are engaged in fighting the forces of evil and in making strenuous efforts to get nearness to God and by their noble efforts cause a heavenly light to burn in them; and when by the light of Divine realization they acquire the capability to detect their own shortcomings and those of others, they make a vehement attack on them. Their next stage in this spiritual journey is reached when they pour out the agony of their hearts before their Creator and invoke His grace and mercy by prayer and devotional cries. These are the persons who succeed in obtaining their great object.
1765
穆斯林战士不侵袭个人或孤立无援的弱女子、儿童和老人; 他们万众一心攻击整个敌军, 直捣敌军的心脏。
5
یعنی یہ سواروں کی جماعت جو حملہ کرتی ہے اس قبیلہ کے لوگوں کودیکھ کر جن پر حملہ کیا گیا ہے ڈر نہیں جاتی بلکہ دلیری کے ساتھ ان کے اندر گھس جاتی ہے جس کے نتیجہ میں لڑائی دست بدست ہونے لگ جاتی ہے۔
4815
Commentary:
Muslim warriors do not attack single individuals or weak helpless women, children or old men, but they attack in a body the whole enemy force and penetrate far into the heart of their ranks.
The reference in these verses (2-6) may also be to those God-intoxicated spiritual wayfarers who constantly and relentlessly are engaged in fighting the forces of evil and in making strenuous efforts to get nearness to God and by their noble efforts cause a heavenly light to burn in them; and when by the light of Divine realization they acquire the capability to detect their own shortcomings and those of others, they make a vehement attack on them. Their next stage in this spiritual journey is reached when they pour out the agony of their hearts before their Creator and invoke His grace and mercy by prayer and devotional cries. These are the persons who succeed in obtaining their great object.
3414
Muslim warriors do not attack individuals or weak helpless women, children and old men; they attack in a body the whole enemy force and penetrate far into the heart of their ranks.