التوبة
At-Tawbah
The Repentance • madinah • 129 Verses
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بَرَآءَۃٌ مِّنَ اللّٰہِ وَرَسُوۡلِہٖۤ اِلَی الَّذِیۡنَ عٰہَدتُّمۡ مِّنَ الۡمُشۡرِکِیۡنَ
اس جگہ جو بَرَآءَۃٌ کا لفظ استعمال کیا گیا ہے اس کے عربی میں دو معنے ہیں۔بَرَآءَۃٌ کے ایک معنے بیزاری کے ہوتے ہیں اور ایک معنے الزام کو دور کرنے کے ہوتے ہیں۔ جن لوگوں کو اس آیت کے معنے سمجھنے میں غلطی لگی ہے وہ بَرَآءَۃٌ کے معنے صرف بیزاری کے کرتے ہیں حالانکہ لغت میں اس کے ایک دوسرے اور اہم معنے یہ بھی ہیں کہ الزام سے آزاد ہو جانا اور یہی معنے اس جگہ چسپاں ہوتے ہیں۔
جیسا کہ آیت کے مضمون سے واضح ہے مکہ والوں کو بتایا گیا ہے کہ تم لوگ یہ اعتراض کیا کرتے تھے کہ محمد رسول اللہ کا دعویٰ تو یہ ہے کہ میں مکی نبی ہوں جس کی پیشگوئی حضرت ابراہیم علیہ السلام نے
Bara’ah signifies a declaration of vindication; exemption, absolution from a fault or responsibility; exemption or absolution from a demand, etc. (Taj).
‘Ahada is here used not in the sense of entering into a treaty or a compact but making a commitment or a solemn promise by which one binds oneself (Lisan). The verse makes a solemn declaration that Islam and the Holy Prophet have been completely vindicated by the Fall of Mecca. While the Prophet was being driven from Mecca as a friendless fugitive with a price on his head, it was then declared in unmistakable terms that he would come back to it in triumph and glory (28:86). That prophecy was fulfilled with the Fall of Mecca and the establishment of the rule of Islam throughout Arabia. Thus the Holy Prophet stood fully vindicated and absolved from the demand of the Meccans that in fulfilment of his repeated declaration Mecca should have fallen into his hands. See also Introduction to Surah Anfal.
Important Words:
براءة (a declaration of absolution) is the noun-infinitive from بری which means, he was or became clear or free from a thing; or he was or became immune, secure or safe. بری من المرض means, he became free from the disease or malady. بری الجرحmeans, the wound healed or was healing. بری من الامر means, he was free from the thing or quit thereof; or he was guiltless of it and was not responsible for it. They say بری من الدین i.e. he became clear or quit of debt; or he became exempt from the demand. بری الیك من حقك means, he was or became clear or quit to thee of thy claim or due or right; or he was or became exempt from thy demand. براءة being the noun-infinitive from بری gives all the meanings derived from the verbal uses of the word given above, It particularly means, a declaration of granting or conferring or announcing immunity or exemption or absolution from a fault or responsibility; freedom from blame; exemption or absolution from a demand, etc. (Taj & Aqrab). See also 3:50.
عاھدتم (you made promises). عاھد is derived from عھد for which see 2:41. The word عاھد is here used not in the sense of entering into a treaty or a compact but making a promise, or making a solemn promise by which one binds oneself. They say عاھدت الله ان لا افعل کذا i.e. I have made a promise to God that I will not do such a thing (Lisan).
Commentary:
This Surah does not begin with the usual formula of بسم الله (In the name of God), for the reason of which see Introductory Note to chapter Anfal.
The first verse of this Surah refers to all the idolaters of Arabia including the dhimmis, i.e. those disbelievers who lived under the protection of Muslims as well as those non-Muslim Arab tribes with whom Muslims had treaty relations.
The verse declares the complete freedom of God and the Holy Prophet from all demand or blame, meaning thereby that all promises made by God and His Messenger had been fulfilled and their truthfulness fully established and, therefore, the idolaters, to whatever class they belonged, could bring no charge against God and His Prophet. Prophecies about the defeat and discomfiture of infidels and the ultimate success and triumph of Islam had been repeatedly made, and, now that all these prophecies had been fulfilled, the infidels of Arabia could no longer say that the declarations of the Prophet about the final triumph of Islam were mere empty promises. By the fulfilment of these promises, the verse says, God and His Messenger had proved their absolute freedom from the charge of making false promises.
1
اس جگہ جو بَرَآءَۃٌ کا لفظ استعمال کیا گیا ہے اس کے عربی میں دو معنے ہیں۔بَرَآءَۃٌ کے ایک معنے بیزاری کے ہوتے ہیں اور ایک معنے الزام کو دور کرنے کے ہوتے ہیں۔ جن لوگوں کو اس آیت کے معنے سمجھنے میں غلطی لگی ہے وہ بَرَآءَۃٌ کے معنے صرف بیزاری کے کرتے ہیں حالانکہ لغت میں اس کے ایک دوسرے اور اہم معنے یہ بھی ہیں کہ الزام سے آزاد ہو جانا اور یہی معنے اس جگہ چسپاں ہوتے ہیں۔
جیسا کہ آیت کے مضمون سے واضح ہے مکہ والوں کو بتایا گیا ہے کہ تم لوگ یہ اعتراض کیا کرتے تھے کہ محمد رسول اللہ کا دعویٰ تو یہ ہے کہ میں مکی نبی ہوں جس کی پیشگوئی حضرت ابراہیم علیہ السلام نے
1164
Important Words:
براءة (a declaration of absolution) is the noun-infinitive from بری which means, he was or became clear or free from a thing; or he was or became immune, secure or safe. بری من المرض means, he became free from the disease or malady. بری الجرحmeans, the wound healed or was healing. بری من الامر means, he was free from the thing or quit thereof; or he was guiltless of it and was not responsible for it. They say بری من الدین i.e. he became clear or quit of debt; or he became exempt from the demand. بری الیك من حقك means, he was or became clear or quit to thee of thy claim or due or right; or he was or became exempt from thy demand. براءة being the noun-infinitive from بری gives all the meanings derived from the verbal uses of the word given above, It particularly means, a declaration of granting or conferring or announcing immunity or exemption or absolution from a fault or responsibility; freedom from blame; exemption or absolution from a demand, etc. (Taj & Aqrab). See also 3:50.
عاھدتم (you made promises). عاھد is derived from عھد for which see 2:41. The word عاھد is here used not in the sense of entering into a treaty or a compact but making a promise, or making a solemn promise by which one binds oneself. They say عاھدت الله ان لا افعل کذا i.e. I have made a promise to God that I will not do such a thing (Lisan).
Commentary:
This Surah does not begin with the usual formula of بسم الله (In the name of God), for the reason of which see Introductory Note to chapter Anfal.
The first verse of this Surah refers to all the idolaters of Arabia including the dhimmis, i.e. those disbelievers who lived under the protection of Muslims as well as those non-Muslim Arab tribes with whom Muslims had treaty relations.
The verse declares the complete freedom of God and the Holy Prophet from all demand or blame, meaning thereby that all promises made by God and His Messenger had been fulfilled and their truthfulness fully established and, therefore, the idolaters, to whatever class they belonged, could bring no charge against God and His Prophet. Prophecies about the defeat and discomfiture of infidels and the ultimate success and triumph of Islam had been repeatedly made, and, now that all these prophecies had been fulfilled, the infidels of Arabia could no longer say that the declarations of the Prophet about the final triumph of Islam were mere empty promises. By the fulfilment of these promises, the verse says, God and His Messenger had proved their absolute freedom from the charge of making false promises.
1150
Bara’ah signifies a declaration of vindication; exemption, absolution from a fault or responsibility; exemption or absolution from a demand, etc. (Taj).
1151
‘Ahada is here used not in the sense of entering into a treaty or a compact but making a commitment or a solemn promise by which one binds oneself (Lisan). The verse makes a solemn declaration that Islam and the Holy Prophet have been completely vindicated by the Fall of Mecca. While the Prophet was being driven from Mecca as a friendless fugitive with a price on his head, it was then declared in unmistakable terms that he would come back to it in triumph and glory (28:86). That prophecy was fulfilled with the Fall of Mecca and the establishment of the rule of Islam throughout Arabia. Thus the Holy Prophet stood fully vindicated and absolved from the demand of the Meccans that in fulfilment of his repeated declaration Mecca should have fallen into his hands. See also Introduction to Surah Anfal.
فَسِیۡحُوۡا فِی الۡاَرۡضِ اَرۡبَعَۃَ اَشۡہُرٍ وَّاعۡلَمُوۡۤا اَنَّکُمۡ غَیۡرُ مُعۡجِزِی اللّٰہِ ۙ وَاَنَّ اللّٰہَ مُخۡزِی الۡکٰفِرِیۡنَ
6:135; 11:21.
اس آیت میں جن لوگوں کو چار ماہ کی مہلت دی گئی ہے اس سے مراد وہ مشرکین ہیں جنہوں نے مسلمانوں سے کوئی معاہدہ نہیں کیا تھا۔ اور انہوں نے مسلمانوں کے خلاف عملاً جنگ جاری رکھی تھی اور جو لوگ ایسے ہوں ان کا کوئی حق نہیں تھا کہ وہ عرب میں رہتے کیونکہ وہ لڑائی کرنے والے تھے اور لڑائی کرنے والوں کو دنیا کی کوئی حکومت اپنے ملک میں نہیں رہنے دیتی۔ یہاں کسی شخص کو شبہ ہو سکتا ہے کہ مکہ والوں کو چار مہینے کے بعدنکلنے کا حکم کیوں دیا گیا؟ اس کا جواب یہ ہے کہ ایسا حکم قرآن میں کہیں نہیں‘ بلکہ چار مہینے کی اجازت کا ذکر ہے کہ چار مہینے تک پھر کر دیکھ لو کہ عرب پر اسلامی حکومت قائم ہو چ
6:135; 11:21.
With the Fall of Mecca and the defeat of Hawazin in the Battle of Hunain, the rule and authority of Islam had been established throughout the Hijaz. Certain tribes had made treaties with the Muslims and had laid down arms. These treaties were to be fully observed. But there were other tribes who had not made formal submission, had not laid down their arms and also had not made any treaty with the Muslims, ensuring the maintenance of peace and the observance of law and order. They had commenced hostilities against the Muslims, and though they had in effect been vanquished, they had not yet acknowledged defeat nor had agreed to live in peace with the Muslims. These tribes were given a four-month period of respite during which operations against them would remain suspended. They could go about freely in the land and satisfy themselves that further resistance was useless. They could then make their submission and make treaties. It is to these tribes that this verse refers.
6:135; 11:21.
Commentary:
This verse particularly refers to the fulfilment of the prophecy contained in 54:2. Disbelievers are told to travel throughout the length and breadth of Arabia for four months, (the period ordinarily required in the Prophet’s time for such travel), and see whether there has remained any vestige of infidel rule and dominion in any part of the country. The infidels of Arabia opposed and persecuted the Prophet and his followers and spared no pains to crush and extirpate Islam. But Almighty God promised help to His Messenger with the result that the cause of Islam triumphed and all opposition was swept away.
a
6:135; 11:21.
2
اس آیت میں جن لوگوں کو چار ماہ کی مہلت دی گئی ہے اس سے مراد وہ مشرکین ہیں جنہوں نے مسلمانوں سے کوئی معاہدہ نہیں کیا تھا۔ اور انہوں نے مسلمانوں کے خلاف عملاً جنگ جاری رکھی تھی اور جو لوگ ایسے ہوں ان کا کوئی حق نہیں تھا کہ وہ عرب میں رہتے کیونکہ وہ لڑائی کرنے والے تھے اور لڑائی کرنے والوں کو دنیا کی کوئی حکومت اپنے ملک میں نہیں رہنے دیتی۔ یہاں کسی شخص کو شبہ ہو سکتا ہے کہ مکہ والوں کو چار مہینے کے بعدنکلنے کا حکم کیوں دیا گیا؟ اس کا جواب یہ ہے کہ ایسا حکم قرآن میں کہیں نہیں‘ بلکہ چار مہینے کی اجازت کا ذکر ہے کہ چار مہینے تک پھر کر دیکھ لو کہ عرب پر اسلامی حکومت قائم ہو چ
a
6:135; 11:21.
1165
Commentary:
This verse particularly refers to the fulfilment of the prophecy contained in 54:2. Disbelievers are told to travel throughout the length and breadth of Arabia for four months, (the period ordinarily required in the Prophet’s time for such travel), and see whether there has remained any vestige of infidel rule and dominion in any part of the country. The infidels of Arabia opposed and persecuted the Prophet and his followers and spared no pains to crush and extirpate Islam. But Almighty God promised help to His Messenger with the result that the cause of Islam triumphed and all opposition was swept away.
a
6:135; 11:21.
1152
With the Fall of Mecca and the defeat of Hawazin in the Battle of Hunain, the rule and authority of Islam had been established throughout the Hijaz. Certain tribes had made treaties with the Muslims and had laid down arms. These treaties were to be fully observed. But there were other tribes who had not made formal submission, had not laid down their arms and also had not made any treaty with the Muslims, ensuring the maintenance of peace and the observance of law and order. They had commenced hostilities against the Muslims, and though they had in effect been vanquished, they had not yet acknowledged defeat nor had agreed to live in peace with the Muslims. These tribes were given a four-month period of respite during which operations against them would remain suspended. They could go about freely in the land and satisfy themselves that further resistance was useless. They could then make their submission and make treaties. It is to these tribes that this verse refers.
وَاَذٰنٌ مِّنَ اللّٰہِ وَرَسُوۡلِہٖۤ اِلَی النَّاسِ یَوۡمَ الۡحَجِّ الۡاَکۡبَرِ اَنَّ اللّٰہَ بَرِیۡٓءٌ مِّنَ الۡمُشۡرِکِیۡنَ ۙ وَرَسُوۡلُہٗ ۚ فَاِنۡ تُبۡتُمۡ فَہُوَ خَیۡرٌ لَّکُمۡ ۖ وَاِنۡ تَوَلَّیۡتُمۡ فَاعۡلَمُوۡۤا اَنَّکُمۡ غَیۡرُ مُعۡجِزِی اللّٰہِ ۗ وَبَشِّرِ الَّذِیۡنَ کَفَرُوۡا بِعَذَابٍ اَلِیۡمٍ
حَجِّ اَکبر عام طور پر اُس حج کو کہتے ہیں جو جمعہ کو ہو۔ مگر اس جگہ مراد اُس حج سے ہے جو فتح مکہ کے دوسرے سال ہوا اور اسے حَجِّ اَکبرِ اس لئے کہا گیا ہے کہ پہلے سالوں میں حج کفار کی حکومت میں ہوتے تھے‘ مگر یہ پہلا حج تھا جو اسلامی حکومت میں ہوا۔
See 9:2.
4:139.
Adhan means, notification, proclamation or call (Lane).
Greater Pilgrimage was so called because it was the first pilgrimage performed under the control of the Muslims.
Whereas in the preceding verse Bara’ah signifies a declaration of vindication that the promises about the complete triumph of Islam had been fulfilled, in the present verse the word signifies "being clear of a person or a thing," i.e. having nothing to do with him or it (Lane). The declaration, contained in this verse and the one that follows is different from that embodied in vv. 9:1, 2; for whereas vv. 9:1, 2 relate to vindication that the promises made to the idolaters by the Holy Prophet had been fulfilled, the present verse pertains to the severance of all connections with them. This severance of relations should not be taken to mean that the verse declares that Muslims were free from all treaty obligations; for, as the following verse makes it quite clear, treaties are to be respected in all cases and must not be violated.
On his return from Tabuk in the ninth year of the Hijrah, the Holy Prophet sent ‘Ali to Mecca, who, on the occasion of the Greater Pilgrimage, made, as his represe
9:2.
4:139.
Important Words:
اذان (proclamation) is derived from اذن which means, he gave ear or listened; he permitted or allowed; he knew or he became informed, etc. آذن means, he informed, or notified or announced. اذان means, notification, announcement or call.
بری (clear) see 9:1 above. But whereas in that verse the word signifies absolution from obligations and from fulfilment of promises made by Islam, in the present verse it simply signifies being clear of a person or a thing, i.e. having nothing to do with him or it (Lane).
Commentary:
The declaration, contained in this verse and the one that follows, is different from that embodied in 9:1 & 2 above, for whereas vv. 9:1 & 2 relate to absolution from the fulfilment of promises made to idolaters, the present verse pertains to the severance of connections with them. This severance, however, should not be taken to mean that the verse declares Islam to be free from all treaty obligations; for, as the following verse makes it clear, treaties are to be respected in all cases and must not be violated.
It is related that on his return from Tabuk in the ninth year of the Hijrah, the Holy Prophet sent Abu Bakr to Mecca to announce, on the occasion of the Greater Pilgrimage, that henceforward no one would be allowed to perform the circuit of the Ka‘bah naked or unclothed. Immediately afterwards the first portion of this Surah was revealed. Upon this the Holy Prophet sent ‘Ali to Mecca, and he, as his cousin and representative, after reciting the opening verses of this Surah, made a proclamation containing the following two announcements before the pilgrims who had gathered at Mecca from all parts of Arabia:
1. No idolater shall approach the House of God after this year.
2. Treaties and engagements, made by the Holy Prophet with idolatrous tribes, shall stand and be faithfully respected till the end of their term. The idolaters of Arabia and the hypocrites of Medina had, by their plots and conspiracies against Muslims and by their persistent treacherous conduct, lost all claim to the clemency of the Holy Prophet. When he was absent on the expedition to Tabuk, they spread the false rumour that the whole Muslim army had been captured and the Prophet was dead. Moreover, Abu ‘Amir, a mischievous Arab leader, had gone to Syria to bring a Christian army to attack Muslims and in Arabia itself secret preparations had begun for a general rising. But for the timely return of the Holy Prophet, these plots would have resulted in great disturbance and heavy loss of life. When, on his return, the Holy Prophet learnt of the great mischief, set on foot in his absence and the plots hatched to deal a death-blow to Islam, he, with a view to preventing a recrudescence of such mischief ordered that henceforth no idolater could stay in the Hijaz with the exception of those with whom he had entered into a treaty, and these, too, were allowed to stay only till the expiry of the term of their treaty. The order was justified not only by the persistently treacherous conduct of the idolaters, but also by other political and cultural considerations which demanded its promulgation. The Hijaz had now become the religious as well as the political centre of Islam, and its interests demanded that it should be purged of all foreign and harmful elements likely to endanger its integrity and prove dangerous to the nascent Muslim community which had been brought into being to carry the message of the new Faith to the four corners of the earth.
b
9:2.
c
4:139.
554A
这是在穆斯林管理下第一次朝觐。
1
حَجِّ اَکبر عام طور پر اُس حج کو کہتے ہیں جو جمعہ کو ہو۔ مگر اس جگہ مراد اُس حج سے ہے جو فتح مکہ کے دوسرے سال ہوا اور اسے حَجِّ اَکبرِ اس لئے کہا گیا ہے کہ پہلے سالوں میں حج کفار کی حکومت میں ہوتے تھے‘ مگر یہ پہلا حج تھا جو اسلامی حکومت میں ہوا۔
b
9:2.
c
4:139.
1166
Important Words:
اذان (proclamation) is derived from اذن which means, he gave ear or listened; he permitted or allowed; he knew or he became informed, etc. آذن means, he informed, or notified or announced. اذان means, notification, announcement or call.
بری (clear) see 9:1 above. But whereas in that verse the word signifies absolution from obligations and from fulfilment of promises made by Islam, in the present verse it simply signifies being clear of a person or a thing, i.e. having nothing to do with him or it (Lane).
Commentary:
The declaration, contained in this verse and the one that follows, is different from that embodied in 9:1 & 2 above, for whereas vv. 9:1 & 2 relate to absolution from the fulfilment of promises made to idolaters, the present verse pertains to the severance of connections with them. This severance, however, should not be taken to mean that the verse declares Islam to be free from all treaty obligations; for, as the following verse makes it clear, treaties are to be respected in all cases and must not be violated.
It is related that on his return from Tabuk in the ninth year of the Hijrah, the Holy Prophet sent Abu Bakr to Mecca to announce, on the occasion of the Greater Pilgrimage, that henceforward no one would be allowed to perform the circuit of the Ka‘bah naked or unclothed. Immediately afterwards the first portion of this Surah was revealed. Upon this the Holy Prophet sent ‘Ali to Mecca, and he, as his cousin and representative, after reciting the opening verses of this Surah, made a proclamation containing the following two announcements before the pilgrims who had gathered at Mecca from all parts of Arabia:
1. No idolater shall approach the House of God after this year.
2. Treaties and engagements, made by the Holy Prophet with idolatrous tribes, shall stand and be faithfully respected till the end of their term. The idolaters of Arabia and the hypocrites of Medina had, by their plots and conspiracies against Muslims and by their persistent treacherous conduct, lost all claim to the clemency of the Holy Prophet. When he was absent on the expedition to Tabuk, they spread the false rumour that the whole Muslim army had been captured and the Prophet was dead. Moreover, Abu ‘Amir, a mischievous Arab leader, had gone to Syria to bring a Christian army to attack Muslims and in Arabia itself secret preparations had begun for a general rising. But for the timely return of the Holy Prophet, these plots would have resulted in great disturbance and heavy loss of life. When, on his return, the Holy Prophet learnt of the great mischief, set on foot in his absence and the plots hatched to deal a death-blow to Islam, he, with a view to preventing a recrudescence of such mischief ordered that henceforth no idolater could stay in the Hijaz with the exception of those with whom he had entered into a treaty, and these, too, were allowed to stay only till the expiry of the term of their treaty. The order was justified not only by the persistently treacherous conduct of the idolaters, but also by other political and cultural considerations which demanded its promulgation. The Hijaz had now become the religious as well as the political centre of Islam, and its interests demanded that it should be purged of all foreign and harmful elements likely to endanger its integrity and prove dangerous to the nascent Muslim community which had been brought into being to carry the message of the new Faith to the four corners of the earth.
a
See 9:2.
b
4:139.
1153
Adhan means, notification, proclamation or call (Lane).
1153A
Greater Pilgrimage was so called because it was the first pilgrimage performed under the control of the Muslims.
1154
Whereas in the preceding verse Bara’ah signifies a declaration of vindication that the promises about the complete triumph of Islam had been fulfilled, in the present verse the word signifies "being clear of a person or a thing," i.e. having nothing to do with him or it (Lane). The declaration, contained in this verse and the one that follows is different from that embodied in vv. 9:1, 2; for whereas vv. 9:1, 2 relate to vindication that the promises made to the idolaters by the Holy Prophet had been fulfilled, the present verse pertains to the severance of all connections with them. This severance of relations should not be taken to mean that the verse declares that Muslims were free from all treaty obligations; for, as the following verse makes it quite clear, treaties are to be respected in all cases and must not be violated.
On his return from Tabuk in the ninth year of the Hijrah, the Holy Prophet sent ‘Ali to Mecca, who, on the occasion of the Greater Pilgrimage, made, as his represe
اِلَّا الَّذِیۡنَ عٰہَدتُّمۡ مِّنَ الۡمُشۡرِکِیۡنَ ثُمَّ لَمۡ یَنۡقُصُوۡکُمۡ شَیۡـًٔا وَّلَمۡ یُظٰہِرُوۡا عَلَیۡکُمۡ اَحَدًا فَاَتِمُّوۡۤا اِلَیۡہِمۡ عَہۡدَہُمۡ اِلٰی مُدَّتِہِمۡ ۚ اِنَّ اللّٰہَ یُحِبُّ الۡمُتَّقِیۡنَ
9:7.
9:7.
These tribes were Banu Khuza‘ah, Banu Mudlij, Banu Bakr, Banu Damrah and some of the Banu Sulaim tribes. The verse incidentally throws interesting light on the sanctity that Islam attaches to treaties and agreements.
9:7.
Commentary:
The verse makes an exception of such idolatrous tribes as had entered into a treaty with Muslims. These tribes were Banu Khuza‘ah, BanuMudlij, Banu Bakr, Banu Dumra and some of the Banu Sulaim tribes. The verse incidentally throws interesting light on the sanctity that Islam attaches to treaties and agreements. It requires its followers to respect their inviolability at all costs, and declares that faithfulness to the plighted word is an act of piety which earns the love of God.
d
9:7.
a
9:7.
1167
Commentary:
The verse makes an exception of such idolatrous tribes as had entered into a treaty with Muslims. These tribes were Banu Khuza‘ah, BanuMudlij, Banu Bakr, Banu Dumra and some of the Banu Sulaim tribes. The verse incidentally throws interesting light on the sanctity that Islam attaches to treaties and agreements. It requires its followers to respect their inviolability at all costs, and declares that faithfulness to the plighted word is an act of piety which earns the love of God.
c
9:7.
1155
These tribes were Banu Khuza‘ah, Banu Mudlij, Banu Bakr, Banu Damrah and some of the Banu Sulaim tribes. The verse incidentally throws interesting light on the sanctity that Islam attaches to treaties and agreements.
فَاِذَا انۡسَلَخَ الۡاَشۡہُرُ الۡحُرُمُ فَاقۡتُلُوا الۡمُشۡرِکِیۡنَ حَیۡثُ وَجَدتُّمُوۡہُمۡ وَخُذُوۡہُمۡ وَاحۡصُرُوۡہُمۡ وَاقۡعُدُوۡا لَہُمۡ کُلَّ مَرۡصَدٍ ۚ فَاِنۡ تَابُوۡا وَاَقَامُوا الصَّلٰوۃَ وَاٰتَوُا الزَّکٰوۃَ فَخَلُّوۡا سَبِیۡلَہُمۡ ۚ اِنَّ اللّٰہَ غَفُوۡرٌ رَّحِیۡمٌ
7:157; 9:11.
“禁战的四个月” 是伊历十一月、十二月, 一月、七月, 前面三个月是大朝觐月, 而最后一个月阿拉伯人一般用它完成小朝 (عُمْرَة, ‘Umrah) 活动 (2:195和2:218)。اَشْهُرُالْحُرُمْ (Ashhurul-Hurum) 并不意指 “圣月”, 而是 “禁月”, 指的是以上9:2所谈到的四个月。在这四个月中, 上述的多神教徒可以得到保护, 去各处旅行, 亲眼看看是否伊斯兰教已经胜利, 是否安拉的话已经实现。在这一时期结束时, (在这一时期内所有敌对行动都暂时停止, )对那些伊斯兰教的死敌恢复战争, 因为他们开始了敌对行动和不断地破坏了他们的誓言。这种最后通牒的理由, 见9:8-13节经文。至於那些没有背信弃义的多神教徒, 他们是得到保护的 (9:4, 7)。
那些和穆斯林作战过但还没有要求同他们签订新条约的多神教徒。
即使是那些伊斯兰教的敌人, 在他们手中穆斯林受过非常严重的损失, 如果他们悔改并自愿接受伊斯兰教, 可以得到宽恕。事实上, 有大量多神教徒在心底里相信伊斯兰教的真理, 可是或者由於自负, 或者害怕迫害, 或者由於其他种种考虑, 没能公开承认信仰。这节经文使这种人确信, 如果他们之中任何一个即使在战时宣称他信仰伊斯兰教, 他的 (承诺) 声明不会被认为是虚假的, 或者把它当作安然逃脱的行动。
یعنی مقررہ چار مہینے جن میں ان کو ملک میں پھرنے کی اجازت دی گئی ہے۔
اس سے یہ نتیجہ نہیں نکلتا کہ کفار سے اس وقت تک لڑنا چاہیے جب تک کہ وہ مسلمان نہ ہو جائیں کیونکہ اس جگہ عام کفار کا ذکر نہیں بلکہ ان کفار کا ذکر ہے جو آٹھ سال تک رسول کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم سے لڑتے رہے اور مکہ فتح ہو جانے پر بھی معاہدہ کرنے کی طرف توجہ نہ کی۔
7:157; 9:11.
"The forbidden months" are the four months of Dhul-Qa‘dah, Dhul- Hijjah, Muharram and Rajab, the first three being the months of the Greater Pilgrimage, while in the last the Arabs generally performed the Lesser Pilgrimage or ‘Umrah (2:195 & 2:218). The term Ashhurul-Hurum does not signify "sacred months" but "forbidden months" and refers to the four months mentioned in 9:2 above. In these months the above-mentioned idolaters were granted protection to travel through the land and see for themselves whether Islam had not triumphed and whether the word of God had not been fulfilled. At the end of this period, during which all hostilities were to remain suspended, war was to be resumed against such avowed enemies of Islam as had themselves started hostilities and had repeatedly broken their plighted word. The reason for this ultimatum is given in vv. 9:8-13. As for those idolaters who had not been guilty of faithlessness and treachery, they were to be protecte
Those idolaters who had fought with the Muslims and had not yet asked for a fresh treaty with them.
Even those enemies of Islam at whose hands Muslims had suffered very grievous losses were to be forgiven if they repented and accepted Islam of their own free will. In fact, there was a large number of men among the idolaters who, in their heart of hearts, had been convinced of the truth of Islam, but who, either through pride or for fear of persecution or other considerations, had refrained from making open confession of faith. This verse assured such people that if anyone of them declared his faith in Islam even during the war, his confession would not be taken as hypocritical or as having been made to save his skin.
7:157; 9:11.
Commentary:
The term الاشھر الحرم is generally applied to the four sacred months of Shawwal, Dhul-Qa‘dah, Dhul-Hijjah and Rajab, the first three being the months of the Greater Pilgrimage, while in the last the Arabs generally performed the Lesser Pilgrimage or ‘Umrah (see notes on 2:195 and 2:218). In this verse, however, the words الاشھر الحرم signify not the "sacred months", but "forbidden months" and refer to the four months mentioned in 9:2 above. These were meant to grant a respite to idolaters to travel through the land in safety and see whether Islam had not triumphed and whether the Word of God had not proved true. At the end of this period, during which all hostilities were to be suspended, war was to be resumed against the idolatrous Arabs with the exception, of course, of such as had entered into a treaty with Muslims, and the treacherous and faithless idolaters already at war with Muslims were to be captured and killed wherever found. It should, however, be remembered that the command to wage war after the expiry of the four forbidden months did not apply to all idolaters without discrimination, but was directed only against such avowed enemies of Islam as had themselves started hostilities against Islam and had broken their plighted word and plotted to expel the Holy Prophet from the city. The reason for this ultimatum is given in the following few verses, viz. 9:8-13. As for those idolaters who had been guilty of faithlessness and treachery, they were to be protected (see 9:4, 7). It is highly regrettable, however, that, divorcing this commandment from its context, some critics have made this verse the basis for an attack against Islam, alleging that it inculcates the destruction of all non-Muslims. The Quran and history belie this baseless allegation.
The words, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush, mean that a strict watch should be kept over the movements of the enemy that he may not be able to create mischief and carry on malicious propaganda against Muslims. The very words of the verse point to the existence of a great danger. These times were indeed very hard for Muslims. On the one hand, the Eastern Roman Empire was preparing to attack them and, on the other, the internal enemies of Islam were hatching plots to bring about its downfall.
The words, But if they repent..., show that even those enemies of Islam at whose hands Muslims had suffered such grievous losses were to be forgiven, if they repented and accepted Islam of their own free will. That no compulsion was to be used is clear from the very next verse, as also from the fundamental injunction laid down in 2:257. The truth is that there was a large number of men among the idolaters who, in their heart of hearts, believed in the truth of Islam, but who, either through pride or for fear of others or for other reasons, refrained from making an open confession of faith. This verse was intended to convey to such people that if anyone of them declared his faith in Islam even during the war, his confession would not be taken as hypocritical or as made to save his skin. A conclusive proof of the fact, that there were many among idolaters who were at heart inclined to Islam but were afraid to declare their faith openly owing to fear of persecution, is that whenever war ceased, there was a rush for conversion to Islam. The two years of peace that followed the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah brought over a very large number of disbelievers to Islam. They could not have joined Islam in such large numbers if they had not been believers in their hearts, having been held back only by fear of persecution. There are even cases on record of men accepting Islam in the thick of battle. Muslims did not at first spare such men, thinking that they had done so merely to save their lives. The Holy Prophet, however, took such Muslims severely to the task, asking them if they had torn open the hearts of those people and had satisfied themselves that they were really devoid of sincerity. It is for this reason that the Quran directs Muslims not to harm such men from among the idolaters as profess their faith in Islam and observe the commandments of God, for only God knows whether they are true Muslims or not.
"Merciful" at the end of the verse shows that the conduct of idolaters had been such as to make them deserving of the severest of punishment, and that to extend forgiveness to them even on their abandonment of idolatry was really an act of mercy.
a
7:157; 9:11.
555
“禁战的四个月” 是伊历十一月、十二月, 一月、七月, 前面三个月是大朝觐月, 而最后一个月阿拉伯人一般用它完成小朝 (عُمْرَة, ‘Umrah) 活动 (2:195和2:218)。اَشْهُرُالْحُرُمْ (Ashhurul-Hurum) 并不意指 “圣月”, 而是 “禁月”, 指的是以上9:2所谈到的四个月。在这四个月中, 上述的多神教徒可以得到保护, 去各处旅行, 亲眼看看是否伊斯兰教已经胜利, 是否安拉的话已经实现。在这一时期结束时, (在这一时期内所有敌对行动都暂时停止, )对那些伊斯兰教的死敌恢复战争, 因为他们开始了敌对行动和不断地破坏了他们的誓言。这种最后通牒的理由, 见9:8-13节经文。至於那些没有背信弃义的多神教徒, 他们是得到保护的 (9:4, 7)。
556
那些和穆斯林作战过但还没有要求同他们签订新条约的多神教徒。
557
即使是那些伊斯兰教的敌人, 在他们手中穆斯林受过非常严重的损失, 如果他们悔改并自愿接受伊斯兰教, 可以得到宽恕。事实上, 有大量多神教徒在心底里相信伊斯兰教的真理, 可是或者由於自负, 或者害怕迫害, 或者由於其他种种考虑, 没能公开承认信仰。这节经文使这种人确信, 如果他们之中任何一个即使在战时宣称他信仰伊斯兰教, 他的 (承诺) 声明不会被认为是虚假的, 或者把它当作安然逃脱的行动。
2
یعنی مقررہ چار مہینے جن میں ان کو ملک میں پھرنے کی اجازت دی گئی ہے۔
3
اس سے یہ نتیجہ نہیں نکلتا کہ کفار سے اس وقت تک لڑنا چاہیے جب تک کہ وہ مسلمان نہ ہو جائیں کیونکہ اس جگہ عام کفار کا ذکر نہیں بلکہ ان کفار کا ذکر ہے جو آٹھ سال تک رسول کریم صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم سے لڑتے رہے اور مکہ فتح ہو جانے پر بھی معاہدہ کرنے کی طرف توجہ نہ کی۔
b
7:157; 9:11.
1168
Commentary:
The term الاشھر الحرم is generally applied to the four sacred months of Shawwal, Dhul-Qa‘dah, Dhul-Hijjah and Rajab, the first three being the months of the Greater Pilgrimage, while in the last the Arabs generally performed the Lesser Pilgrimage or ‘Umrah (see notes on 2:195 and 2:218). In this verse, however, the words الاشھر الحرم signify not the "sacred months", but "forbidden months" and refer to the four months mentioned in 9:2 above. These were meant to grant a respite to idolaters to travel through the land in safety and see whether Islam had not triumphed and whether the Word of God had not proved true. At the end of this period, during which all hostilities were to be suspended, war was to be resumed against the idolatrous Arabs with the exception, of course, of such as had entered into a treaty with Muslims, and the treacherous and faithless idolaters already at war with Muslims were to be captured and killed wherever found. It should, however, be remembered that the command to wage war after the expiry of the four forbidden months did not apply to all idolaters without discrimination, but was directed only against such avowed enemies of Islam as had themselves started hostilities against Islam and had broken their plighted word and plotted to expel the Holy Prophet from the city. The reason for this ultimatum is given in the following few verses, viz. 9:8-13. As for those idolaters who had been guilty of faithlessness and treachery, they were to be protected (see 9:4, 7). It is highly regrettable, however, that, divorcing this commandment from its context, some critics have made this verse the basis for an attack against Islam, alleging that it inculcates the destruction of all non-Muslims. The Quran and history belie this baseless allegation.
The words, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush, mean that a strict watch should be kept over the movements of the enemy that he may not be able to create mischief and carry on malicious propaganda against Muslims. The very words of the verse point to the existence of a great danger. These times were indeed very hard for Muslims. On the one hand, the Eastern Roman Empire was preparing to attack them and, on the other, the internal enemies of Islam were hatching plots to bring about its downfall.
The words, But if they repent..., show that even those enemies of Islam at whose hands Muslims had suffered such grievous losses were to be forgiven, if they repented and accepted Islam of their own free will. That no compulsion was to be used is clear from the very next verse, as also from the fundamental injunction laid down in 2:257. The truth is that there was a large number of men among the idolaters who, in their heart of hearts, believed in the truth of Islam, but who, either through pride or for fear of others or for other reasons, refrained from making an open confession of faith. This verse was intended to convey to such people that if anyone of them declared his faith in Islam even during the war, his confession would not be taken as hypocritical or as made to save his skin. A conclusive proof of the fact, that there were many among idolaters who were at heart inclined to Islam but were afraid to declare their faith openly owing to fear of persecution, is that whenever war ceased, there was a rush for conversion to Islam. The two years of peace that followed the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah brought over a very large number of disbelievers to Islam. They could not have joined Islam in such large numbers if they had not been believers in their hearts, having been held back only by fear of persecution. There are even cases on record of men accepting Islam in the thick of battle. Muslims did not at first spare such men, thinking that they had done so merely to save their lives. The Holy Prophet, however, took such Muslims severely to the task, asking them if they had torn open the hearts of those people and had satisfied themselves that they were really devoid of sincerity. It is for this reason that the Quran directs Muslims not to harm such men from among the idolaters as profess their faith in Islam and observe the commandments of God, for only God knows whether they are true Muslims or not.
"Merciful" at the end of the verse shows that the conduct of idolaters had been such as to make them deserving of the severest of punishment, and that to extend forgiveness to them even on their abandonment of idolatry was really an act of mercy.
a
7:157; 9:11.
1155A
"The forbidden months" are the four months of Dhul-Qa‘dah, Dhul- Hijjah, Muharram and Rajab, the first three being the months of the Greater Pilgrimage, while in the last the Arabs generally performed the Lesser Pilgrimage or ‘Umrah (2:195 & 2:218). The term Ashhurul-Hurum does not signify "sacred months" but "forbidden months" and refers to the four months mentioned in 9:2 above. In these months the above-mentioned idolaters were granted protection to travel through the land and see for themselves whether Islam had not triumphed and whether the word of God had not been fulfilled. At the end of this period, during which all hostilities were to remain suspended, war was to be resumed against such avowed enemies of Islam as had themselves started hostilities and had repeatedly broken their plighted word. The reason for this ultimatum is given in vv. 9:8-13. As for those idolaters who had not been guilty of faithlessness and treachery, they were to be protecte
1156
Those idolaters who had fought with the Muslims and had not yet asked for a fresh treaty with them.
1157
Even those enemies of Islam at whose hands Muslims had suffered very grievous losses were to be forgiven if they repented and accepted Islam of their own free will. In fact, there was a large number of men among the idolaters who, in their heart of hearts, had been convinced of the truth of Islam, but who, either through pride or for fear of persecution or other considerations, had refrained from making open confession of faith. This verse assured such people that if anyone of them declared his faith in Islam even during the war, his confession would not be taken as hypocritical or as having been made to save his skin.
وَاِنۡ اَحَدٌ مِّنَ الۡمُشۡرِکِیۡنَ اسۡتَجَارَکَ فَاَجِرۡہُ حَتّٰی یَسۡمَعَ کَلٰمَ اللّٰہِ ثُمَّ اَبۡلِغۡہُ مَاۡمَنَہٗ ۚ ذٰلِکَ بِاَنَّہُمۡ قَوۡمٌ لَّا یَعۡلَمُوۡنَ
这节经文清楚地证明了这样一个事实, 对多神教徒作战并不是为了强迫他们信仰伊斯兰教。因为按照伊斯兰教教导, 即使在战争状态时, 允许多神教徒来到穆斯林军营或司令部, 如果他们愿意研究一下真理的话。然后, 在把真理讲给他们听而他们知道了伊斯兰教的教义之后, 如果他们并不想信仰这一个新宗教, 那么, 就安全地遣送他们到安全的地方去。在如此清楚的教义面前, 如果还要指控伊斯兰教不容异教或使用或默许武力来传教的话, 那真是太不公正了。
The verse clearly establishes the fact that war with idolaters was not undertaken in order to force them to embrace Islam, because, according to it, even when a state of war existed, idolaters were to be permitted to come to the Muslims’ camp or Headquarters if they desired to investigate the truth. Then, after the truth had been preached to them and they had been acquainted with the teachings of Islam, they were to be safely conducted to their place of security, if they did not feel inclined to embrace the new Faith. In the face of such clear teachings, it is the height of injustice to accuse Islam of intolerance or of using or conniving at force; for its propagation.
Commentary:
This verse clearly establishes the fact that war with idolaters was not undertaken to force them to embrace Islam, because, according to it, even when a state of war existed idolaters were to be permitted to come to the Muslim camp or the Muslim headquarters if they desired to investigate the truth. Then, after the truth had been preached to them and they had been acquainted with the teachings of Islam, they were to be safely conveyed to their place of security, if they did not feel inclined to embrace the new Faith. In the face of such clear teachings, it is the height of injustice to accuse Islam of intolerance or of allowing compulsion for the propagation of its teaching.
558
这节经文清楚地证明了这样一个事实, 对多神教徒作战并不是为了强迫他们信仰伊斯兰教。因为按照伊斯兰教教导, 即使在战争状态时, 允许多神教徒来到穆斯林军营或司令部, 如果他们愿意研究一下真理的话。然后, 在把真理讲给他们听而他们知道了伊斯兰教的教义之后, 如果他们并不想信仰这一个新宗教, 那么, 就安全地遣送他们到安全的地方去。在如此清楚的教义面前, 如果还要指控伊斯兰教不容异教或使用或默许武力来传教的话, 那真是太不公正了。
1169
Commentary:
This verse clearly establishes the fact that war with idolaters was not undertaken to force them to embrace Islam, because, according to it, even when a state of war existed idolaters were to be permitted to come to the Muslim camp or the Muslim headquarters if they desired to investigate the truth. Then, after the truth had been preached to them and they had been acquainted with the teachings of Islam, they were to be safely conveyed to their place of security, if they did not feel inclined to embrace the new Faith. In the face of such clear teachings, it is the height of injustice to accuse Islam of intolerance or of allowing compulsion for the propagation of its teaching.
1158
The verse clearly establishes the fact that war with idolaters was not undertaken in order to force them to embrace Islam, because, according to it, even when a state of war existed, idolaters were to be permitted to come to the Muslims’ camp or Headquarters if they desired to investigate the truth. Then, after the truth had been preached to them and they had been acquainted with the teachings of Islam, they were to be safely conducted to their place of security, if they did not feel inclined to embrace the new Faith. In the face of such clear teachings, it is the height of injustice to accuse Islam of intolerance or of using or conniving at force; for its propagation.
کَیۡفَ یَکُوۡنُ لِلۡمُشۡرِکِیۡنَ عَہۡدٌ عِنۡدَ اللّٰہِ وَعِنۡدَ رَسُوۡلِہٖۤ اِلَّا الَّذِیۡنَ عٰہَدتُّمۡ عِنۡدَ الۡمَسۡجِدِ الۡحَرَامِ ۖ فَمَا اسۡتَقٰمُوۡا لَکُمۡ فَاسۡتَقِیۡمُوۡا لَہُمۡ ۚ اِنَّ اللّٰہَ یُحِبُّ الۡمُتَّقِیۡنَ
مکہ والے مشہور کرتے تھے کہ فتح مکہ کے موقعہ پر سب کفار کو معافی مل گئی ہے اور ان سے معاہدہ ہو گیا ہے۔ قرآن کریم کہتا ہے کہ یہ جھوٹ ہے جب تک وہ خودنیچے ہو کر معاہدہ کی درخواست نہ کریں ان سے عہد ہو کس طرح سکتا ہے۔
یعنی ان مشرکوں سے عہد قائم ہے جنہوں نے صرف فتح مکہ کو معاہدہ قرار نہیں دیا تھا بلکہ درخواست کرکے اپنے لئے امن کا اعلان کروایا تھا۔
9:4.
The verse shows that war was permissible only against such non- Muslims as had repeatedly violated most solemn covenants and had attacked Muslims treacherously. As for the rest, Muslims had been bidden to observe their engagements with them strictly and faithfully. Like 9:4, this verse describes the observance of covenants and treaties as an act of piety and righteousness which is pleasing to God. The Qur’an repeatedly and most emphatically exhorts Muslims to be faithful to their treaties.
9:4.
Commentary:
The words, So, as long as they stand true to you, stand true to them, show that war was permissible only against such non-Muslims as were faithless to their covenants and attacked Muslims treacherously. As for the rest, Muslims have been bidden to observe their engagements strictly and faithfully with them. It will be noted that like 9:4, this verse describes the observance of covenants and treaties as an act of piety and righteousness which is pleasing in the sight of God. No wonder that the Quran repeatedly exhorts Muslims to be faithful to their treaties.
a
9:4.
559
这节经文表明, 只容许对一再破坏最庄严信约以及背信弃义地攻击穆斯林的这样一些非穆斯林作战。至於其余的非穆斯林, 经文嘱咐穆斯林要同他们严守信约。像9:4那样, 这节经文说明, 遵守信约与条约是一种虔敬和正义的行为, 能使安拉喜悦。«古兰经» 反复并最为强力地告诫穆斯林要严守信约。
1
مکہ والے مشہور کرتے تھے کہ فتح مکہ کے موقعہ پر سب کفار کو معافی مل گئی ہے اور ان سے معاہدہ ہو گیا ہے۔ قرآن کریم کہتا ہے کہ یہ جھوٹ ہے جب تک وہ خودنیچے ہو کر معاہدہ کی درخواست نہ کریں ان سے عہد ہو کس طرح سکتا ہے۔
2
یعنی ان مشرکوں سے عہد قائم ہے جنہوں نے صرف فتح مکہ کو معاہدہ قرار نہیں دیا تھا بلکہ درخواست کرکے اپنے لئے امن کا اعلان کروایا تھا۔
a
9:4.
1170
Commentary:
The words, So, as long as they stand true to you, stand true to them, show that war was permissible only against such non-Muslims as were faithless to their covenants and attacked Muslims treacherously. As for the rest, Muslims have been bidden to observe their engagements strictly and faithfully with them. It will be noted that like 9:4, this verse describes the observance of covenants and treaties as an act of piety and righteousness which is pleasing in the sight of God. No wonder that the Quran repeatedly exhorts Muslims to be faithful to their treaties.
a
9:4.
1159
The verse shows that war was permissible only against such non- Muslims as had repeatedly violated most solemn covenants and had attacked Muslims treacherously. As for the rest, Muslims had been bidden to observe their engagements with them strictly and faithfully. Like 9:4, this verse describes the observance of covenants and treaties as an act of piety and righteousness which is pleasing to God. The Qur’an repeatedly and most emphatically exhorts Muslims to be faithful to their treaties.
کَیۡفَ وَاِنۡ یَّظۡہَرُوۡا عَلَیۡکُمۡ لَا یَرۡقُبُوۡا فِیۡکُمۡ اِلًّا وَّلَا ذِمَّۃً ۚ یُرۡضُوۡنَکُمۡ بِاَفۡوٰہِہِمۡ وَتَاۡبٰی قُلُوۡبُہُمۡ وَاَکۡثَرُہُمۡ فٰسِقُوۡنَ
9:10.
یہ خیالی بات نہیں بلکہ اسلامی تاریخ کا صفحہ صفحہ اس پر شاہد ہے۔
9:10.
Ill means, relationship or nearness with respect to kindred; good origin; a compact or covenant; a promise or an assurance of safety or security (Lane & Mufradat).
Dhimmah means, a compact; covenant; treaty; engagement, obligation or responsibility; a right or due for the neglect of which one is to be blamed (Lane). The expression Ahludh-Dhimmah is used for those non-Muslim people with whom the Muslim State has made a compact and who pay poll tax to the State, in return for which the State is responsible for their security and freedom (Lane). The verse makes it further clear that the command to wage war applies only to such disbelievers as had not only been the first to open hostilities against Islam but were also perfidious and treacherous, paying no respect either to ties of relationship or to compacts and covenants.
9:10.
Important Words:
ال (tie of relationship). اله means, he pierced him with a bright javelin. They say ال الفرس i.e. the horse went quickly, making itself prominent.
ال اللون means, the colour became clear and bright. ال means, relationship, or nearness with respect to kindred; good origin; a compact or covenant; a promise or an assurance of safety or security; a neighbour; a visible state of relationship (Lane, Aqrab & Mufradat).
ذمة (covenant) is the noun-infinitive from ذم . They say ذمة i.e. he blamed or found fault with him. اذم means, he did or said that for which he should be blamed or found fault with. اذمه also means, he protected him or granted him refuge or protection. اذم له means, he took or obtained a promise or an assurance of security or a covenant in his favour. ذمة means, a compact, covenant, treaty, engagement, obligation or responsibility; a right or due for the neglect of which one is to be blamed. The expression اھل الذمة is used for those non-Muslim people with whom the Muslim State has made a compact and who pay poll-tax to the State in return for which the State is responsible for their security and freedom (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
This verse makes it further clear that the commandment to wage war is meant only about such disbelievers as had not only been the first to open hostilities against Islam but were, at the same time, perfidious and treacherous, paying no respect either to ties of relationship or to compacts and covenants.
b
9:10.
3
یہ خیالی بات نہیں بلکہ اسلامی تاریخ کا صفحہ صفحہ اس پر شاہد ہے۔
b
9:10.
1171
Important Words:
ال (tie of relationship). اله means, he pierced him with a bright javelin. They say ال الفرس i.e. the horse went quickly, making itself prominent.
ال اللون means, the colour became clear and bright. ال means, relationship, or nearness with respect to kindred; good origin; a compact or covenant; a promise or an assurance of safety or security; a neighbour; a visible state of relationship (Lane, Aqrab & Mufradat).
ذمة (covenant) is the noun-infinitive from ذم . They say ذمة i.e. he blamed or found fault with him. اذم means, he did or said that for which he should be blamed or found fault with. اذمه also means, he protected him or granted him refuge or protection. اذم له means, he took or obtained a promise or an assurance of security or a covenant in his favour. ذمة means, a compact, covenant, treaty, engagement, obligation or responsibility; a right or due for the neglect of which one is to be blamed. The expression اھل الذمة is used for those non-Muslim people with whom the Muslim State has made a compact and who pay poll-tax to the State in return for which the State is responsible for their security and freedom (Lane & Aqrab).
Commentary:
This verse makes it further clear that the commandment to wage war is meant only about such disbelievers as had not only been the first to open hostilities against Islam but were, at the same time, perfidious and treacherous, paying no respect either to ties of relationship or to compacts and covenants.
b
9:10.
1160
Ill means, relationship or nearness with respect to kindred; good origin; a compact or covenant; a promise or an assurance of safety or security (Lane & Mufradat).
1161
Dhimmah means, a compact; covenant; treaty; engagement, obligation or responsibility; a right or due for the neglect of which one is to be blamed (Lane). The expression Ahludh-Dhimmah is used for those non-Muslim people with whom the Muslim State has made a compact and who pay poll tax to the State, in return for which the State is responsible for their security and freedom (Lane). The verse makes it further clear that the command to wage war applies only to such disbelievers as had not only been the first to open hostilities against Islam but were also perfidious and treacherous, paying no respect either to ties of relationship or to compacts and covenants.
اَشۡتَرَوۡا بِاٰیٰتِ اللّٰہِ ثَمَنًا قَلِیۡلًا فَصَدُّوۡا عَنۡ سَبِیۡلِہٖۤ ۚ اِنَّہُمۡ سَآءَ مَا کَانُوۡا یَعۡمَلُوۡنَ
2:175; 3:78, 188; 16:96.
2:175; 3:78, 188; 16:96.
c
2:175; 3:78, 188; 16:96.
a
2:175; 3:78,188; 16:96.
1172
Commentary:
See note on 2:42.
c
2:175; 3:78, 188; 16:96.
لَا یَرۡقُبُوۡنَ فِیۡ مُؤۡمِنٍ اِلًّا وَّلَا ذِمَّۃً ۚ وَاُولٰٓئِکَ ہُمُ الۡمُعۡتَدُوۡنَ
9:8.
This and the preceding two verses give the reasons why Muslims were commanded to wage war against such idolaters (9:5). The reasons are: (1) They were treacherous and perfidious; they professed to be friendly to Muslims, but as soon as they found an opportunity to injure them, they broke their plighted word and this in spite of the fact that Muslims had trusted them. (2) They even disregarded the ties of relationship and slew their own kinsmen merely because the latter had embraced Islam (9:8). (3) Their object in making war was to prevent men from embracing Islam (9:9). (4) They were the first to attack Muslims (9:13).
9:8.
Important Words:
مومن (one who trusts) is the active participle from آمن which is derived from امن which means, he was or became safe or secure or free from fear. امنه علی کذا means, he trusted him in respect of such a thing. آمنه means, he rendered him safe or secure or free from fear; he trusted or confided in him. آمن بهmeans, he believed in him. مؤمن therefore, means, a believer; a faithful person; a person who trusts or confides in others; one who affords security and protection. المومن is also one of the attributes of God, meaning, He Who grants security and protection to His creatures (Lane).
Commentary:
This verse emphasizes the heinousness of the crime of disbelievers by adding the word مومن (one who trusts). These disbelievers would not be true even to those who trusted them. Thus, the present and the preceding two verses mention the reasons why Muslims were commanded to wage war against these idolaters in 9:5. These reasons are: (1) they were treacherous and perfidious; they professed to be friendly to Muslims, but as soon as they found an opportunity to injure them, they broke their plighted word and this in spite of the fact that Muslims trusted them (9:8 and the present verse); (2) they even disregarded the ties of relationship and killed their own kinsmen merely because the latter had embraced Islam (9:8); (3) their object in making war was to prevent men from embracing Islam (9:9); and (4) they were transgressors, i.e. the first to attack Muslims (the present verse).
d
9:8.
560
这节经文和上两节经文说明了穆斯林受命对这样一些多神教徒作战的理由 (9:5)。其理由是: (1) 他们是背信弃义的; 他们声言与穆斯林友好, 但他们一有伤害穆斯林的机会, 就违反他们的誓言, 而且不顾穆斯林信任他们的这种事实。(2) 他们甚至不顾戚谊, 只因为亲戚相信伊斯兰教, 他们就杀了他们的男亲戚 (9:8)。(3) 他们制造战争的目的是阻止人们信仰伊斯兰教 (9:9)。(4) 他们首先向穆斯林进攻 (9:13)。
b
9:8.
1173
Important Words:
مومن (one who trusts) is the active participle from آمن which is derived from امن which means, he was or became safe or secure or free from fear. امنه علی کذا means, he trusted him in respect of such a thing. آمنه means, he rendered him safe or secure or free from fear; he trusted or confided in him. آمن بهmeans, he believed in him. مؤمن therefore, means, a believer; a faithful person; a person who trusts or confides in others; one who affords security and protection. المومن is also one of the attributes of God, meaning, He Who grants security and protection to His creatures (Lane).
Commentary:
This verse emphasizes the heinousness of the crime of disbelievers by adding the word مومن (one who trusts). These disbelievers would not be true even to those who trusted them. Thus, the present and the preceding two verses mention the reasons why Muslims were commanded to wage war against these idolaters in 9:5. These reasons are: (1) they were treacherous and perfidious; they professed to be friendly to Muslims, but as soon as they found an opportunity to injure them, they broke their plighted word and this in spite of the fact that Muslims trusted them (9:8 and the present verse); (2) they even disregarded the ties of relationship and killed their own kinsmen merely because the latter had embraced Islam (9:8); (3) their object in making war was to prevent men from embracing Islam (9:9); and (4) they were transgressors, i.e. the first to attack Muslims (the present verse).
a
9:8.
1162
This and the preceding two verses give the reasons why Muslims were commanded to wage war against such idolaters (9:5). The reasons are: (1) They were treacherous and perfidious; they professed to be friendly to Muslims, but as soon as they found an opportunity to injure them, they broke their plighted word and this in spite of the fact that Muslims had trusted them. (2) They even disregarded the ties of relationship and slew their own kinsmen merely because the latter had embraced Islam (9:8). (3) Their object in making war was to prevent men from embracing Islam (9:9). (4) They were the first to attack Muslims (9:13).
فَاِنۡ تَابُوۡا وَاَقَامُوا الصَّلٰوۃَ وَاٰتَوُا الزَّکٰوۃَ فَاِخۡوٰنُکُمۡ فِی الدِّیۡنِ ۗ وَنُفَصِّلُ الۡاٰیٰتِ لِقَوۡمٍ یَّعۡلَمُوۡنَ
7:154; 9:5.
7:154; 9:5.
7:154; 9:5.
Commentary:
The words, they are your brethren in faith, mean that not only should all hostilities cease against such disbelievers as repent, but they are to be looked upon as brethren and treated as such. See also note on 9:5, above.
a
7:154; 9:5.
a
7:154; 9:5.
1174
Commentary:
The words, they are your brethren in faith, mean that not only should all hostilities cease against such disbelievers as repent, but they are to be looked upon as brethren and treated as such. See also note on 9:5, above.
b
7:154; 9:5.
وَاِنۡ نَّکَثُوۡۤا اَیۡمٰنَہُمۡ مِّنۡۢ بَعۡدِ عَہۡدِہِمۡ وَطَعَنُوۡا فِیۡ دِیۡنِکُمۡ فَقٰتِلُوۡۤا اَئِمَّۃَ الۡکُفۡرِ ۙ اِنَّہُمۡ لَاۤ اَیۡمٰنَ لَہُمۡ لَعَلَّہُمۡ یَنۡتَہُوۡنَ
2:191; 4:92.
یعنی دلائل سے اعتراض نہ کریں بلکہ تحقیر اور غصہ دلانے والی باتیں کریں۔
2:191; 4:92.
The words "attack your religion" do not refer to mere verbal taunts and reproaches but to actual attacks meant to injure the vital interests of Islam; the word Ta‘ana literally meaning "to pierce with a spear."
The words, these leaders of disbelief are here applied not to a few leading individuals but to the whole people to whom this commandment to fight referred. They are called "leaders" because they were among the first to clash with Muslims and their example encouraged others; and because also their hostility towards Islam was so inveterate and implacable that they served, as it were, as evil models in this respect.
2:191; 4:92.
Commentary:
This verse leaves no doubt as to the fact that Muslims were bidden to fight disbelievers only if they broke their covenant and attacked Islam with a view to injuring it. It also makes it clear that the object in fighting disbelievers was to make them "desist" from transgression.
The words, طعنوا فی دینکم (attack your religion), do not refer to mere verbal taunts and reproaches but to actual attacks meant to injure the vital interests of Islam; the word literally meaning "to pierce with a spear."
The epithet, these leaders of disbelief, is here applied not to a few leading individuals but to the whole people to whom this commandment to fight referred. They are called ائمة (leaders) because, firstly, they were among the first and the foremost to clash with Muslims and their example encouraged others; and, secondly, their hostility towards Islam was so inveterate and implacable that they served, as it were, as evil models in this respect.
b
2:191; 4:92.
1
یعنی دلائل سے اعتراض نہ کریں بلکہ تحقیر اور غصہ دلانے والی باتیں کریں۔
b
2:191; 4:92.
1175
Commentary:
This verse leaves no doubt as to the fact that Muslims were bidden to fight disbelievers only if they broke their covenant and attacked Islam with a view to injuring it. It also makes it clear that the object in fighting disbelievers was to make them "desist" from transgression.
The words, طعنوا فی دینکم (attack your religion), do not refer to mere verbal taunts and reproaches but to actual attacks meant to injure the vital interests of Islam; the word literally meaning "to pierce with a spear."
The epithet, these leaders of disbelief, is here applied not to a few leading individuals but to the whole people to whom this commandment to fight referred. They are called ائمة (leaders) because, firstly, they were among the first and the foremost to clash with Muslims and their example encouraged others; and, secondly, their hostility towards Islam was so inveterate and implacable that they served, as it were, as evil models in this respect.
c
2:191; 4:92.
1163
The words "attack your religion" do not refer to mere verbal taunts and reproaches but to actual attacks meant to injure the vital interests of Islam; the word Ta‘ana literally meaning "to pierce with a spear."
1164
The words, these leaders of disbelief are here applied not to a few leading individuals but to the whole people to whom this commandment to fight referred. They are called "leaders" because they were among the first to clash with Muslims and their example encouraged others; and because also their hostility towards Islam was so inveterate and implacable that they served, as it were, as evil models in this respect.
اَلَا تُقٰتِلُوۡنَ قَوۡمًا نَّکَثُوۡۤا اَیۡمٰنَہُمۡ وَہَمُّوۡا بِاِخۡرَاجِ الرَّسُوۡلِ وَہُمۡ بَدَءُوۡکُمۡ اَوَّلَ مَرَّۃٍ ۚ اَتَخۡشَوۡنَہُمۡ ۚ فَاللّٰہُ اَحَقُّ اَنۡ تَخۡشَوۡہُ اِنۡ کُنۡتُمۡ مُّؤۡمِنِیۡنَ
The tribes in or about Medina who, when the Holy Prophet went on an expedition to Tabuk, plotted to bring about his downfall by inciting the various tribes of Arabia to stand up against him.
These words also do not refer to the pagan Meccans but to those infidels, whether open or secret, who lived in and around Medina. They provided ample proof of the fact that, far from being the transgressor, Islam was transgressed against rather than being the aggressor.
Commentary:
The words, who plotted to turn out the Messenger, do not refer to the Meccans, but to those who, when the Holy Prophet went on an expedition to the Syrian border, plotted to bring about his downfall by making the different tribes of Arabia stand up as one man against him on his return (see notes on 9:3,4, above). The Meccans did not merely plot to turn out the Holy Prophet, but actually turned him out (see 47:14). Moreover, by the time these verses were revealed, the Meccans had embraced Islam and all hostilities between Muslims and Meccans had ceased.
The words, they were the first to commence hostilities against you, also refer not to the Meccans but to those infidels, whether open or secret, who lived in and about Medina. The words provide conclusive proof of the fact that, far from being the transgressor, Islam was transgressed against. It was the infidels who first began hostilities against it. They acted most treacherously and resorted to all sorts of foul means to annihilate it. It was only such men that Muslims had been commanded to fight. Christian critics of Islam will do well to compare the wars of Islam with the wars of their great Lawgiver, Moses, against a people who had never taken up arms against him and had done nothing to offend him. Yet these people were ruthlessly butchered and even their women and children were not spared (Deut. 20:16, 17). As compared with this, the Holy
Prophet took up arms only against those who first started hostilities, and even then he directed that their women and children and their religious devotees, as well as their churches, should be spared (Muslim, Tahawi & Dawud). Those, who regard the wars of Moses as holy, have certainly no reason to criticize the wars of the Holy Prophet of Islam.
1176
Commentary:
The words, who plotted to turn out the Messenger, do not refer to the Meccans, but to those who, when the Holy Prophet went on an expedition to the Syrian border, plotted to bring about his downfall by making the different tribes of Arabia stand up as one man against him on his return (see notes on 9:3,4, above). The Meccans did not merely plot to turn out the Holy Prophet, but actually turned him out (see 47:14). Moreover, by the time these verses were revealed, the Meccans had embraced Islam and all hostilities between Muslims and Meccans had ceased.
The words, they were the first to commence hostilities against you, also refer not to the Meccans but to those infidels, whether open or secret, who lived in and about Medina. The words provide conclusive proof of the fact that, far from being the transgressor, Islam was transgressed against. It was the infidels who first began hostilities against it. They acted most treacherously and resorted to all sorts of foul means to annihilate it. It was only such men that Muslims had been commanded to fight. Christian critics of Islam will do well to compare the wars of Islam with the wars of their great Lawgiver, Moses, against a people who had never taken up arms against him and had done nothing to offend him. Yet these people were ruthlessly butchered and even their women and children were not spared (Deut. 20:16, 17). As compared with this, the Holy
Prophet took up arms only against those who first started hostilities, and even then he directed that their women and children and their religious devotees, as well as their churches, should be spared (Muslim, Tahawi & Dawud). Those, who regard the wars of Moses as holy, have certainly no reason to criticize the wars of the Holy Prophet of Islam.
1165
The tribes in or about Medina who, when the Holy Prophet went on an expedition to Tabuk, plotted to bring about his downfall by inciting the various tribes of Arabia to stand up against him.
1166
These words also do not refer to the pagan Meccans but to those infidels, whether open or secret, who lived in and around Medina. They provided ample proof of the fact that, far from being the transgressor, Islam was transgressed against rather than being the aggressor.
قٰتِلُوۡہُمۡ یُعَذِّبۡہُمُ اللّٰہُ بِاَیۡدِیۡکُمۡ وَیُخۡزِہِمۡ وَیَنۡصُرۡکُمۡ عَلَیۡہِمۡ وَیَشۡفِ صُدُوۡرَ قَوۡمٍ مُّؤۡمِنِیۡنَ
Important Words:
یشف (relieve) is derived from شفا. They say شفاہ من مرضه i.e. he cured him (of disease) and restored him to convalescence. شفیتهmeans, I relieved him from doubt. شفاہ عن المسألةmeans, he relieved him from doubt respecting the question. یشفیك ان قالmeans, he will please thee if he speaks, i.e. his speech will please thee (Lane).
Commentary:
The verse shows that the enemies of Islam had made themselves deserving of Divine punishment by their treacherous and wrongful conduct; and fighting was only a form of Divine punishment that had been prescribed for them, and it was inflicted on them after they had themselves started hostilities. It was most certainly not resorted to in order to compel them to embrace Islam.
1177
Important Words:
یشف (relieve) is derived from شفا. They say شفاہ من مرضه i.e. he cured him (of disease) and restored him to convalescence. شفیتهmeans, I relieved him from doubt. شفاہ عن المسألةmeans, he relieved him from doubt respecting the question. یشفیك ان قالmeans, he will please thee if he speaks, i.e. his speech will please thee (Lane).
Commentary:
The verse shows that the enemies of Islam had made themselves deserving of Divine punishment by their treacherous and wrongful conduct; and fighting was only a form of Divine punishment that had been prescribed for them, and it was inflicted on them after they had themselves started hostilities. It was most certainly not resorted to in order to compel them to embrace Islam.
وَیُذۡہِبۡ غَیۡظَ قُلُوۡبِہِمۡ ۗ وَیَتُوۡبُ اللّٰہُ عَلٰی مَنۡ یَّشَآءُ ۗ وَاللّٰہُ عَلِیۡمٌ حَکِیۡمٌ
Commentary:
The pronoun "their" in the words, the wrath of their hearts, refers to disbelievers, and the sentence means that God may thereby do away with the wrath that had been kindled in the hearts of disbelievers against Muslims. This could be done in two ways: (1) by crushing their power completely and forever; or (2) by making them accept Islam. Both of these means are intended here, for there were some who were destroyed and their power crushed and there were others who saw the light and voluntarily embraced Islam. The following words, And Allah turns with mercy to whomsoever He pleases, obviously refer to the latter class.
1178
Commentary:
The pronoun "their" in the words, the wrath of their hearts, refers to disbelievers, and the sentence means that God may thereby do away with the wrath that had been kindled in the hearts of disbelievers against Muslims. This could be done in two ways: (1) by crushing their power completely and forever; or (2) by making them accept Islam. Both of these means are intended here, for there were some who were destroyed and their power crushed and there were others who saw the light and voluntarily embraced Islam. The following words, And Allah turns with mercy to whomsoever He pleases, obviously refer to the latter class.
اَمۡ حَسِبۡتُمۡ اَنۡ تُتۡرَکُوۡا وَلَمَّا یَعۡلَمِ اللّٰہُ الَّذِیۡنَ جٰہَدُوۡا مِنۡکُمۡ وَلَمۡ یَتَّخِذُوۡا مِنۡ دُوۡنِ اللّٰہِ وَلَا رَسُوۡلِہٖ وَلَا الۡمُؤۡمِنِیۡنَ وَلِیۡجَۃً ۚ وَاللّٰہُ خَبِیۡرٌۢ بِمَا تَعۡمَلُوۡنَ
قرآن مجید میں اس جگہ واؤ ہے‘ مگر اردو میں اس کے ترجمہ کے بغیر کام چل جاتا ہے پس ہم نے اور کا لفظ چھوڑ دیا ہے۔
3:143, 180; 20:3-4.
3:29; 4:140, 145; 9:23.
The verse hints that the trials of Muslims were not yet over. They had still to face more grievous dangers.
3:143, 180; 29:3-4.
3:29; 4:140, 145; 9:23.
Important Words:
ولیجة (intimate friend) is derived from ولج. They say ولج البیت i.e. he entered the house. اولجه means, he caused it or him to enter; he inserted it. ولیجة means, anything that is introduced or inserted into another thing; an intimate friend or associate; one whom a person takes to rely upon, not being of his family (Lane).
Commentary:
This verse hints that the trials of Muslims were not yet over. They had still to face more grievous dangers and greater trials, and only those who were true and sincere believers would be able to stand them. The verse thus warns believers to be prepared for still severer tests and yet greater sacrifices. Muslims had indeed been already tried at Badr and Uhud and at the Battle of the Ditch, and had stood the test. But as a new era now dawning for them with the expedition to Tabuk on the border of Syria, the verse calls upon them to make yet greater preparations. The trials and tribulations through which Muslims had already passed were indeed little as compared with the ordeals they had yet to face. The later dangers were far more terrible and grievous than anything they had yet experienced.
The words, and do not take anyone for an intimate friend besides Allah and His Messenger and the believers, are also intended as a warning to Muslims to become yet more united and to allow no foreign element to split their ranks in the coming days of trial and sacrifice.
c
3:143, 180; 20:3-4.
d
3:29; 4:140, 145; 9:23.
2
قرآن مجید میں اس جگہ واؤ ہے‘ مگر اردو میں اس کے ترجمہ کے بغیر کام چل جاتا ہے پس ہم نے اور کا لفظ چھوڑ دیا ہے۔
a
3:143, 180; 29:3-4.
b
3:29; 4:140, 145; 9:23.
1179
Important Words:
ولیجة (intimate friend) is derived from ولج. They say ولج البیت i.e. he entered the house. اولجه means, he caused it or him to enter; he inserted it. ولیجة means, anything that is introduced or inserted into another thing; an intimate friend or associate; one whom a person takes to rely upon, not being of his family (Lane).
Commentary:
This verse hints that the trials of Muslims were not yet over. They had still to face more grievous dangers and greater trials, and only those who were true and sincere believers would be able to stand them. The verse thus warns believers to be prepared for still severer tests and yet greater sacrifices. Muslims had indeed been already tried at Badr and Uhud and at the Battle of the Ditch, and had stood the test. But as a new era now dawning for them with the expedition to Tabuk on the border of Syria, the verse calls upon them to make yet greater preparations. The trials and tribulations through which Muslims had already passed were indeed little as compared with the ordeals they had yet to face. The later dangers were far more terrible and grievous than anything they had yet experienced.
The words, and do not take anyone for an intimate friend besides Allah and His Messenger and the believers, are also intended as a warning to Muslims to become yet more united and to allow no foreign element to split their ranks in the coming days of trial and sacrifice.
a
3:143, 180; 20:3-4.
b
3:29; 4:140, 145; 9:23.
1167
The verse hints that the trials of Muslims were not yet over. They had still to face more grievous dangers.
مَا کَانَ لِلۡمُشۡرِکِیۡنَ اَنۡ یَّعۡمُرُوۡا مَسٰجِدَ اللّٰہِ شٰہِدِیۡنَ عَلٰۤی اَنۡفُسِہِمۡ بِالۡکُفۡرِ ۚ اُولٰٓئِکَ حَبِطَتۡ اَعۡمٰلُہُمۡ وَفِی النَّارِ ہُمۡ خٰلِدُوۡنَ
The verse relates to idolatrous pilgrims and serves as an introduction to the announcement contained in 9:28 below. No idolater was, henceforth, to be allowed to approach the Ka‘bah, as announced by ‘Ali to the pilgrims assembled at Mecca on the occasion of the Greater Pilgrimage in the year 9 A.H. The verse gives the reason for that prohibition. The Ka‘bah being the Temple dedicated to the worship of the One God, idolaters had nothing to do with it. They were declared enemies of God’s Unity and stood condemned by their own confession.
Commentary:
This verse relates to idolatrous pilgrims and serves as an introduction to the announcement contained in 9:28 below. No idolater was henceforth to be allowed to approach the Ka‘bah, as announced by ‘Ali to the pilgrims assembled at Mecca on the occasion of the Greater Pilgrimage of the year 9 AH (see note on 9:3 above). The verse under comment gives the reason for that prohibition. The Ka‘bah being a temple dedicated to the worship of the One God, idolaters had nothing to do with it. They were declared enemies of God’s Unity who bore witness to their own idolatrous beliefs and thus stood condemned by their own confession. Moreover, while performing the Pilgrimage, idolaters, instead of declaring God’s Oneness, attributed co-partners to Him, for it is on record that, while reciting the prescribed formula: "Here I am, O my Lord, here I am; Thou hast no co-partner" they used to add the words "except him whom Thou hast Thyself made Thy co-partner." The words, while they bear witness against themselves to disbelief, beside being general in their significance, may also refer to this practice of idolaters.
1180
Commentary:
This verse relates to idolatrous pilgrims and serves as an introduction to the announcement contained in 9:28 below. No idolater was henceforth to be allowed to approach the Ka‘bah, as announced by ‘Ali to the pilgrims assembled at Mecca on the occasion of the Greater Pilgrimage of the year 9 AH (see note on 9:3 above). The verse under comment gives the reason for that prohibition. The Ka‘bah being a temple dedicated to the worship of the One God, idolaters had nothing to do with it. They were declared enemies of God’s Unity who bore witness to their own idolatrous beliefs and thus stood condemned by their own confession. Moreover, while performing the Pilgrimage, idolaters, instead of declaring God’s Oneness, attributed co-partners to Him, for it is on record that, while reciting the prescribed formula: "Here I am, O my Lord, here I am; Thou hast no co-partner" they used to add the words "except him whom Thou hast Thyself made Thy co-partner." The words, while they bear witness against themselves to disbelief, beside being general in their significance, may also refer to this practice of idolaters.
1168
The verse relates to idolatrous pilgrims and serves as an introduction to the announcement contained in 9:28 below. No idolater was, henceforth, to be allowed to approach the Ka‘bah, as announced by ‘Ali to the pilgrims assembled at Mecca on the occasion of the Greater Pilgrimage in the year 9 A.H. The verse gives the reason for that prohibition. The Ka‘bah being the Temple dedicated to the worship of the One God, idolaters had nothing to do with it. They were declared enemies of God’s Unity and stood condemned by their own confession.
اِنَّمَا یَعۡمُرُ مَسٰجِدَ اللّٰہِ مَنۡ اٰمَنَ بِاللّٰہِ وَالۡیَوۡمِ الۡاٰخِرِ وَاَقَامَ الصَّلٰوۃَ وَاٰتَی الزَّکٰوۃَ وَلَمۡ یَخۡشَ اِلَّا اللّٰہَ ۖ فَعَسٰۤی اُولٰٓئِکَ اَنۡ یَّکُوۡنُوۡا مِنَ الۡمُہۡتَدِیۡنَ
“安拉的礼拜寺” 指的是第十九节经文中的禁寺, 因为禁寺即 كَعْبَة (Ka‘bah) 是伊斯兰教的中 (央) 心清真寺, 它代表世界上所有的清真寺。
The words "Mosques of Allah" refer to the Sacred Mosque in v. 19 because the Sacred Mosque or the Ka‘bah being the Central Mosque of Islam stands for all the mosques in the world.
Important Words:
عسی (may be) is meant to express desire or hope of obtaining something good or to express fear lest one should fall into an evil way (Aqrab). The word thus implies either desire or hope of good or fear of evil. They say عسی زید ان یقوم i.e. Zaid is near to standing; or I eagerly desire or I hope that Zaid may be performing the act of standing; or it may be that Zaid is, or will be, standing. عسیmay thus be explained as meaning, it may be that, or simply may be. When uttered by God, the word is expressive of an event of necessary occurrence (Lane). See also the meaning of the word لعل under 2:22. Though desire or hope are not attributable to God, yet the words لعل and عسی are used by God to point to the fact that a certain thing is such that people may base their desire or hope on it (Mufradat).
Commentary:
The prosperity of a Mosque of God, and for that matter of the Ka‘bah itself, lies in the fulfilment of the noble object for which it is built. This object is the glorification and the remembrance of the name of God in it; and certainly this object is much the better realized by prohibiting those from visiting it who, instead of glorifying God, attribute co-partners to Him, and by encouraging and exhorting true believers to frequent it.
The words, these it is who may be among those who reach the goal, signify that, since believers are destined to prosper, even the material prosperity of the Ka‘bah will not suffer from the exclusion of infidels; for, believers will go on pilgrimage to it in ever-increasing numbers.
561
“安拉的礼拜寺” 指的是第十九节经文中的禁寺, 因为禁寺即 كَعْبَة (Ka‘bah) 是伊斯兰教的中 (央) 心清真寺, 它代表世界上所有的清真寺。
1181
Important Words:
عسی (may be) is meant to express desire or hope of obtaining something good or to express fear lest one should fall into an evil way (Aqrab). The word thus implies either desire or hope of good or fear of evil. They say عسی زید ان یقوم i.e. Zaid is near to standing; or I eagerly desire or I hope that Zaid may be performing the act of standing; or it may be that Zaid is, or will be, standing. عسیmay thus be explained as meaning, it may be that, or simply may be. When uttered by God, the word is expressive of an event of necessary occurrence (Lane). See also the meaning of the word لعل under 2:22. Though desire or hope are not attributable to God, yet the words لعل and عسی are used by God to point to the fact that a certain thing is such that people may base their desire or hope on it (Mufradat).
Commentary:
The prosperity of a Mosque of God, and for that matter of the Ka‘bah itself, lies in the fulfilment of the noble object for which it is built. This object is the glorification and the remembrance of the name of God in it; and certainly this object is much the better realized by prohibiting those from visiting it who, instead of glorifying God, attribute co-partners to Him, and by encouraging and exhorting true believers to frequent it.
The words, these it is who may be among those who reach the goal, signify that, since believers are destined to prosper, even the material prosperity of the Ka‘bah will not suffer from the exclusion of infidels; for, believers will go on pilgrimage to it in ever-increasing numbers.
1169
The words "Mosques of Allah" refer to the Sacred Mosque in v. 19 because the Sacred Mosque or the Ka‘bah being the Central Mosque of Islam stands for all the mosques in the world.
۞ اَجَعَلۡتُمۡ سِقَایَۃَ الۡحَآجِّ وَعِمَارَۃَ الۡمَسۡجِدِ الۡحَرَامِ کَمَنۡ اٰمَنَ بِاللّٰہِ وَالۡیَوۡمِ الۡاٰخِرِ وَجٰہَدَ فِیۡ سَبِیۡلِ اللّٰہِ ۚ لَا یَسۡتَوٗنَ عِنۡدَ اللّٰہِ ۗ وَاللّٰہُ لَا یَہۡدِی الۡقَوۡمَ الظّٰلِمِیۡنَ
بعض کمزور لوگ جو ہجرت سے ڈرتے تھے مگر مکہ میں حاجیوں کی خدمت کرتے تھے فتح مکہ کے بعد بعض مہاجروں پر فضیلت بتانے لگے۔ اللہ تعالیٰ نے ان کا ردّ کیا ہے اور بتایا ہے کہ مہاجر اور مجاہد بڑی شان کا ہے دوسرا ان کی شان کو نہیں پہنچ سکتا۔
The outward and physical service of the Ka‘bah, though in itself a meritorious act, is as nothing compared with the spiritual service thereof, which only a true Muslim can perform. The verse implies that Islam attaches greater importance to the spirit underlying its ordinances than to their outward form. The Holy Prophet is reported to have said that the life of a believer possesses much greater sanctity than the Ka‘bah (Majah).
Commentary:
The outward and physical service of the Ka‘bah, though in itself a meritorious act, is as nothing compared with the spiritual service thereof, which only a true Muslim can perform. If the preservation of the true faith were to involve the temporary destruction of the building of the Ka‘bah, the Quran would unhesitatingly endorse such destruction, because it is the preservation of the faith and not the preservation of a house, however sacred it may be, which is the aim and object of Islam. The verse thus also implies an effective answer to the baseless view that Islam attaches greater importance to the outward form of its ordinances than to the spirit underlying them. It may also be noted here that, according to the teachings of Islam, even the life of a true believer has greater sanctity than the House of God. Says the Holy Prophet: "A believer possesses greater sanctity than the Ka‘bah" (Majah).
1
بعض کمزور لوگ جو ہجرت سے ڈرتے تھے مگر مکہ میں حاجیوں کی خدمت کرتے تھے فتح مکہ کے بعد بعض مہاجروں پر فضیلت بتانے لگے۔ اللہ تعالیٰ نے ان کا ردّ کیا ہے اور بتایا ہے کہ مہاجر اور مجاہد بڑی شان کا ہے دوسرا ان کی شان کو نہیں پہنچ سکتا۔
1182
Commentary:
The outward and physical service of the Ka‘bah, though in itself a meritorious act, is as nothing compared with the spiritual service thereof, which only a true Muslim can perform. If the preservation of the true faith were to involve the temporary destruction of the building of the Ka‘bah, the Quran would unhesitatingly endorse such destruction, because it is the preservation of the faith and not the preservation of a house, however sacred it may be, which is the aim and object of Islam. The verse thus also implies an effective answer to the baseless view that Islam attaches greater importance to the outward form of its ordinances than to the spirit underlying them. It may also be noted here that, according to the teachings of Islam, even the life of a true believer has greater sanctity than the House of God. Says the Holy Prophet: "A believer possesses greater sanctity than the Ka‘bah" (Majah).
1170
The outward and physical service of the Ka‘bah, though in itself a meritorious act, is as nothing compared with the spiritual service thereof, which only a true Muslim can perform. The verse implies that Islam attaches greater importance to the spirit underlying its ordinances than to their outward form. The Holy Prophet is reported to have said that the life of a believer possesses much greater sanctity than the Ka‘bah (Majah).